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	Author	Krueger, K.; Heinze, J.
	Title	*Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses` behavior*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	11	Issue	3	Pages	431-439
	Keywords	copying, horse, social cognition, sociality
	Abstract	Animals that live in stable social groups need to gather information on their own relative position in the group`s social hierarchy, either by directly threatening or challenging others, or in a less costly manner, by observing interactions among others. Such indirect inference of dominance relationships has previously been reported from primates, rats, and birds and fish. Here, we show that domestic horses, Equus caballus, are similarly capable of social cognition. Taking advantage of a specific “following behavior” that horses show towards humans in a riding arena, we investigated whether bystander horses adjust their response to an experimenter according to the observed interaction and their own dominance relationship with the horse whose reaction to the experimenter they had observed before. Horses copied the following behavior towards an experimenter after watching a dominant horse following, but did not follow after observing a subordinate horse or a horse from another social group doing so. The following behavior which horses show towards an experimenter therefore appears to be affected by the demonstrator`s behavior and social status relative to the observer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4324
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Social Ecology of Horses			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2008	Publication	Ecology of Social Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	195-206
	Keywords
	Abstract	Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Verlag	Place of Publication	Heidelberg	Editor	j. Korb and J. Heinze
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4387
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	Author	Krueger, K.; Flauger, B.
	Title	*Social feeding decisions in horses (Equus caballus)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	78	Issue	1	Pages	76-83
	Keywords	Feeding decision; Horse; Rank; Social behaviour
	Abstract	Like many other herbivores, in a natural environment equids feed on rather evenly distributed resources. However, the vegetation in their vast habitats constantly changes. If food is plentiful only little competition occurs over food, and in non-competitive situations domestic horses tend to return to the same feeding site until it is overgrazed. In contrast, they compete over limited food for which the social status of the individuals appears to be important. Especially in ruminants several studies have proved an influence of social organisations, rank, sex and the depletion of feeding sites on the feeding behaviour of individuals. However, it is not yet understood whether and how social aspects affect horses“ feeding decisions. Curiosity about the influence of social rank on the horses” feeding decisions between two, equally with high-quality surplus food-filled buckets placed in different social feeding conditions, led us to create the test below. The observer horses were alternately tested with a dominant and a subordinate demonstrator placed in one of the three different positions. We conclude that domestic horses use social cognition and strategic decision making in order to decide where to feed in a social feeding situation. When possible they tend to return to the same, continuously supplied feeding site and switch to an “avoidance tendency” in the presence of dominant horses or when another horse is already feeding there. Thus, the social rank and the position of conspecifics affect the feeding strategy of horses.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4394
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	Author	Krueger, K. (ed)
	Title	Proceedings of the International Equine Science Meeting 2008			Type	Conference Volume
	Year	2008	Publication	IESM 2008	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Equine Ecology; Equine Sociality; Equine Learning; Equine Cognition; Equine Welfare
	Abstract	Target group: Biologists, Psychologists, Veterinarians and Professionals Meeting target: Because the last international meeting on Equine Science took place a couple years ago, there is an urgent need for equine scientists to exchange scientific knowledge, coordinate research provide knowledge for practical application, and discus research results among themselves and with professionals who work with horses. Additionally, dialog concerning the coordination of the study “Equitation Science” in Europe is urgently needed. Coordination and cooperation shall arise from the meeting, enrich the research, and advance the application of scientific knowledge for the horses` welfare.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Verlag	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor	Krueger, K.
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-9808134-0-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4508
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	Author	Wolter, R.; Pantel, N.; Möstl, E.; Krueger, K.
	Title	Die Rolle des Alpha-Hengstes in einer Przewalski Bachelor-Gruppe beim Erkunden einer neuen Fläche in einem Semi-Reservat			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Göttinger Pferdetage'13	Issue		Pages	66
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-88542-782-7	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5946
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	Author	Krueger, K.; Koenig von Borstel, U.
	Title	Grundlagen der Sinneswahrnehmung von Pferden			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Pferde verstehen – Umgang und Bodenarbeit	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	38 - 54
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	FN Verlag der deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH	Place of Publication	Warendorf	Editor	Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-88542-793-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5942
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	Author	Krueger, K.; Koenig von Borstel, U.
	Title	Wie Pferde lernen			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Pferde verstehen – Umgang und Bodenarbeit	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	56-82
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	FN Verlag der deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH	Place of Publication	Warendorf	Editor	Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-88542-793-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5943
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	“Pferdehaltung und Ethologie der Pferde” im Bachelorstudiengang Pferdewirtschaft			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Forschendes Lernen initiieren, umsetzen und reflektieren	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	54-81
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	UniversitätsVerlag Webler	Place of Publication	Bielefeld	Editor	: S. Lepp und C. Niederdrenk-Felgner
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	10: 3-937026-91-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5944
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	Author	Hinz, K.; Sennet, S.; Maros, K.; Krueger, K.
	Title	Waiting behaviour in front of a computerized feeding system in an active stable – Effects on heart rate, heart rate variability and sensory laterality in horses			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2015	Publication	Current research in applied ethology [Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	computerized feeding, waiting situation, stress, horse
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	KTBL-Schrift 510	Place of Publication	Darmstadt	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-945088-13-5	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5927
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	Author	Farmer, K.; Krueger, K.; Byrne, R.
	Title	*Visual laterality in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) interacting with humans*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	13	Issue		Pages	229-238
	Keywords	Horse – Laterality – Eye preference – Emotion – Vision
	Abstract	Most horses have a side on which they are easier to handle and a direction they favour when working on a circle, and recent studies have suggested a correlation between emotion and visual laterality when horses observe inanimate objects. As such lateralisation could provide important clues regarding the horseâ€™s cognitive processes, we investigated whether horses also show laterality in association with people. We gave horses the choice of entering a chute to left or right, with and without the passive, non-interactive presence of a person unknown to them. The left eye was preferred for scanning under both conditions, but significantly more so when a person was present. Traditionally, riders handle horses only from the left, so we repeated the experiment with horses specifically trained on both sides. Again, there was a consistent preference for left eye scanning in the presence of a person, whether known to the horses or not. We also examined horses interacting with a person, using both traditionally and bilaterally trained horses. Both groups showed left eye preference for viewing the person, regardless of training and test procedure. For those horses tested under both passive and interactive conditions, the left eye was preferred significantly more during interaction. We suggest that most horses prefer to use their left eye for assessment and evaluation, and that there is an emotional aspect to the choice which may be positive or negative, depending on the circumstances. We believe these results have important practical implications and that emotional laterality should be taken into account in training methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4953
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