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	Author	Dreier, S.; van Zweden, J.S.; D'Ettorre, P.
	Title	Long-term memory of individual identity in ant queens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Biology Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Lett
	Volume	3	Issue	5	Pages	459-462
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Ants/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Evolution; Female; Memory; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Dominance
	Abstract	Remembering individual identities is part of our own everyday social life. Surprisingly, this ability has recently been shown in two social insects. While paper wasps recognize each other individually through their facial markings, the ant, Pachycondyla villosa, uses chemical cues. In both species, individual recognition is adaptive since it facilitates the maintenance of stable dominance hierarchies among individuals, and thus reduces the cost of conflict within these small societies. Here, we investigated individual recognition in Pachycondyla ants by quantifying the level of aggression between pairs of familiar or unfamiliar queens over time. We show that unrelated founding queens of P. villosa and Pachycondyla inversa store information on the individual identity of other queens and can retrieve it from memory after 24h of separation. Thus, we have documented for the first time that long-term memory of individual identity is present and functional in ants. This novel finding represents an advance in our understanding of the mechanism determining the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals.
	Address	Institute of Biology, Department of Population Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. sdreier@bi.ku.dk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1744-9561	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17594958			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4649
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	Author	Holekamp, K.E.; Sakai, S.T.; Lundrigan, B.L.
	Title	Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	362	Issue	1480	Pages	523-538
	Keywords	Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology; Cercopithecinae/anatomy & histology/physiology; Decision Making/physiology; Hyaenidae/anatomy & histology/physiology; Intelligence; Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior; Species Specificity
	Abstract	If the large brains and great intelligence characteristic of primates were favoured by selection pressures associated with life in complex societies, then cognitive abilities and nervous systems with primate-like attributes should have evolved convergently in non-primate mammals living in large, elaborate societies in which social dexterity enhances individual fitness. The societies of spotted hyenas are remarkably like those of cercopithecine primates with respect to size, structure and patterns of competition and cooperation. These similarities set an ideal stage for comparative analysis of social intelligence and nervous system organization. As in cercopithecine primates, spotted hyenas use multiple sensory modalities to recognize their kin and other conspecifics as individuals, they recognize third-party kin and rank relationships among their clan mates, and they use this knowledge adaptively during social decision making. However, hyenas appear to rely more intensively than primates on social facilitation and simple rules of thumb in social decision making. No evidence to date suggests that hyenas are capable of true imitation. Finally, it appears that the gross anatomy of the brain in spotted hyenas might resemble that in primates with respect to expansion of frontal cortex, presumed to be involved in the mediation of social behaviour.
	Address	Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. holekamp@msu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8436	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17289649			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4719
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	Author	Rizzolatti, G.; Fogassi, L.; Gallese, V.
	Title	Mirrors of the mind			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	295	Issue	5	Pages	54-61
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Emotions/physiology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/physiology; Mental Processes/physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Recognition (Psychology); Sensation/physiology
	Abstract
	Address	Neurosciences Department, University of Parma, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17076084			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2829
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	Author	Watanabe, S.; Troje, N.F.
	Title	Towards a “virtual pigeon”: a new technique for investigating avian social perception			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	271-279
	Keywords	Animals; Behavioral Research/instrumentation/methods; Columbidae/physiology; Computer Graphics; Computer Simulation; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Generalization (Psychology)/physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Perceptual Masking/physiology; Rats; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; Social Behavior; User-Computer Interface
	Abstract	The purpose of the present study is to examine the applicability of a computer-generated, virtual animal to study animal cognition. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between movies of a real pigeon and a rat. Then, they were tested with movies of the computer-generated (CG) pigeon. Subjects showed generalization to the CG pigeon, however, they also responded to modified versions in which the CG pigeon was showing impossible movement, namely hopping and walking without its head bobbing. Hence, the pigeons did not attend to these particular details of the display. When they were trained to discriminate between the normal and the modified version of the CG pigeon, they were able to learn the discrimination. The results of an additional partial occlusion test suggest that the subjects used head movement as a cue for the usual vs. unusual CG pigeon discrimination.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Keio University, Mita 2-15-45, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108, Japan. swat@flet.keio.ac.jp
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17024508			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2437
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	Author	Aust, U.; Huber, L.
	Title	Picture-object recognition in pigeons: evidence of representational insight in a visual categorization task using a complementary information procedure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	190-195
	Keywords	Animals; Classification; Cognition; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Generalization (Psychology); Humans; Perceptual Closure; Photic Stimulation; Photography; *Recognition (Psychology)
	Abstract	Success in tasks requiring categorization of pictorial stimuli does not prove that a subject understands what the pictures stand for. The ability to achieve representational insight is by no means a trivial one because it exceeds mere detection of 2-D features present in both the pictorial images and their referents. So far, evidence for such an ability in nonhuman species is weak and inconclusive. Here, the authors report evidence of representational insight in pigeons. After being trained on pictures of incomplete human figures, the birds responded significantly more to pictures of the previously missing parts than to nonrepresentative stimuli, which demonstrates that they actually recognized the pictures' representational content.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Austria. ulrike.aust@univie.ac.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16634663			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2759
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	Author	Koba, R.; Izumi, A.
	Title	Sex categorization of conspecific pictures in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	183-191
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Generalization (Psychology); Macaca/psychology; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photography; Recognition (Psychology); *Sex Characteristics
	Abstract	We investigated whether monkeys discriminate the sex of individuals from their pictures. Whole-body pictures of adult and nonadult monkeys were used as stimuli. Two male Japanese monkeys were trained for a two-choice sex categorization task in which each of two choice pictures were assigned to male and female, respectively. Following the training, the monkeys were presented with novel monkey pictures, and whether they had acquired the categorization task was tested. The results suggested that while monkeys discriminate between the pictures of adult males and females, discrimination of nonadult pictures was difficult. Partial presentations of the pictures showed that conspicuous and sexually characteristic parts (i.e., underbellies including male scrotums or breasts including female nipples) played an important role in the sex categorization.
	Address	Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16612631			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2470
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	Author	Palmer, M.E.; Calve, M.R.; Adamo, S.A.
	Title	Response of female cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda) to mirrors and conspecifics: evidence for signaling in female cuttlefish			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	151-155
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animal Communication; Animals; Bias (Epidemiology); Female; Male; Pigmentation/physiology; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; Sepia/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology
	Abstract	Cuttlefish have a large repertoire of body patterns that are used for camouflage and interspecific signaling. Intraspecific signaling by male cuttlefish has been well documented but studies on signaling by females are lacking. We found that females displayed a newly described body pattern termed Splotch toward their mirror image and female conspecifics, but not to males, prey or inanimate objects. Female cuttlefish may use the Splotch body pattern as an intraspecific signal, possibly to reduce agonistic interactions. The ability of females to produce a consistent body pattern in response to conspecifics and mirrors suggests that they can recognize same-sex conspecifics using visual cues, despite the lack of sexual dimorphism visible to human observers.
	Address	Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Dorset, ON, Canada, P0A 1E0
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16408230			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	16
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	Author	Miklósi, Á.; Soproni, K.
	Title	A comparative analysis of animals' understanding of the human pointing gesture			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	81-93
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Fixation, Ocular; Gestures; Hand; Humans; Nonverbal Communication; Pinnipedia; Primates; Problem Solving; *Recognition (Psychology); Species Specificity
	Abstract	We review studies demonstrating the ability of some animals to understand the human pointing gesture. We present a 3-step analysis of the topic. (1) We compare and evaluate current experimental methods (2) We compare available experimental results on performance of different species and investigate the interaction of species differences and other independent variables (3) We evaluate how our present understanding of pointing comprehension answers questions about function, evolution and mechanisms. Recently, a number of different hypotheses have been put forward to account for the presence of this ability in some species and for the lack of such comprehension in others. In our view, there is no convincing evidence for the assumption that the competitive lifestyles of apes would inhibit the utilization of this human gesture. Similarly, domestication as a special evolutionary factor in the case of some species falls short in explaining high levels of pointing comprehension in some non-domestic species. We also disagree with the simplistic view of describing the phenomenon as a simple form of conditioning. We suggest that a more systematic comparative research is needed to understand the emerging communicative representational abilities in animals that provide the background for comprehending the human pointing gesture.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Pazmany P 1/c, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary. miklosa@ludens.elte.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16235075			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	463
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.; Dindo, M.; Freeman, C.A.; Hall, M.J.
	Title	The monkey in the mirror: hardly a stranger			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	102	Issue	32	Pages	11140-11147
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cebus/physiology; Discrimination (Psychology); Empathy; Female; Male; Observation; Recognition (Psychology); Self Concept; Sex Factors
	Abstract	It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self-other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self.
	Address	Living Links Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16055557			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	164
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	Author	Riedel, J.; Buttelmann, D.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use a physical marker to locate hidden food			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	27-35
	Keywords	Animals; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Female; Gestures; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication; *Recognition (Psychology); Signal Detection (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	Dogs can use the placement of an arbitrary marker to locate hidden food in an object-choice situation. We tested domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in three studies aimed at pinning down the relative contributions of the human's hand and the marker itself. We baited one of two cups (outside of the dogs' view) and gave the dog a communicative cue to find the food. Study 1 systematically varied dogs' perceptual access to the marker placing event, so that dogs saw either the whole human, the hand only, the marker only, or nothing. Follow-up trials investigated the effect of removing the marker before the dog's choice. Dogs used the marker as a communicative cue even when it had been removed prior to the dog's choice and attached more importance to this cue than to the hand that placed it although the presence of the hand boosted performance when it appeared together with the marker. Study 2 directly contrasted the importance of the hand and the marker and revealed that the effect of the marker diminished if it had been associated with both cups. In contrast touching both cups with the hand had no effect on performance. Study 3 investigated whether the means of marker placement (intentional or accidental) had an effect on dogs' choices. Results showed that dogs did not differentiate intentional and accidental placing of the marker. These results suggest that dogs use the marker as a genuine communicative cue quite independently from the experimenter's actions.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6 D-04103, Leipzig, Germany. riedel@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15846526			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2488
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