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Author |
Krueger, K.; Hollenhorst, H.; Schuetz, A.; Weil, S. |
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Title |
Social learning and innovative learning in horses. |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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3 |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
K. Krueger |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5956 |
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Author |
Schuetz, A.; Farmer, K.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Social learning across species: horses (Equus caballus) learn from humans by observation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
567-573 |
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Abstract |
This study examines whether horses can learn by observing humans, given that they identify individual humans and orientate on the focus of human attention. We tested 24 horses aged between 3 and 12. Twelve horses were tested on whether they would learn to open a feeding apparatus by observing a familiar person. The other 12 were controls and received exactly the same experimental procedure, but without a demonstration of how to operate the apparatus. More horses from the group with demonstration (8/12) reached the learning criterion of opening the feeder twenty times consecutively than horses from the control group (2/12), and younger horses seemed to reach the criterion more quickly. Horses not reaching the learning criteria approached the human experimenters more often than those that did. The results demonstrate that horses learn socially across species, in this case from humans. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Schuetz2016 |
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6028 |
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Author |
Bernauer, K.; Kollross, H.; Schuetz, A.; Farmer, K.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
How do horses (Equus caballus) learn from observing human action? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
23 |
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Pages |
1-9 |
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Abstract |
A previous study demonstrated that horses can learn socially from observing humans, but could not draw any conclusions about the social learning mechanisms. Here we develop this by showing horses four different human action sequences as demonstrations of how to press a button to open a feed box. We tested 68 horses aged between 3 and 12 years. 63 horses passed the habituation phase and were assigned either to the group Hand Demo (N = 13) for which a kneeling person used a hand to press the button, Head Demo (N = 13) for which a kneeling person used the head, Mixed Demo (N = 12) for which a squatting person used both head and hand, Foot Demo (N = 12) in which a standing person used a foot, or No Demo (N = 13) in which horses did not receive a demonstration. 44 horses reached the learning criterion of opening the feeder twenty times consecutively, 40 of these were 75% of the Demo group horses and four horses were 31% of the No Demo group horses. Horses not reaching the learning criterion approached the human experimenters more often than those who did. Significantly more horses used their head to press the button no matter which demonstration they received. However, in the Foot Demo group four horses consistently preferred to use a hoof and two switched between hoof and head use. After the Mixed Demo the horses' actions were more diverse. The results indicate that only a few horses copy behaviours when learning socially from humans. A few may learn through observational conditioning, as some appeared to adapt to demonstrated actions in the course of reaching the learning criterion. Most horses learn socially through enhancement, using humans to learn where, and which aspect of a mechanism has to be manipulated, and by applying individual trial and error learning to reach their goal. |
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1435-9456 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ Bernauer2019 |
Serial |
6590 |
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