Records |
Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R. |
Title |
Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-18 |
Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; *Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance |
Abstract |
The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:7189148 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
59 |
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Author |
Waters, A.J.; Nicol, C.J.; French, N.P. |
Title |
Factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours in young horses: findings of a four year prospective epidemiological study |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
34 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
572-579 |
Keywords |
Age Factors; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control/*psychology; Horses; Housing, Animal; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; *Stereotyped Behavior; Weaning |
Abstract |
Stereotypies are invariant and repetitive behaviour patterns that seemingly have no function, which tend to develop in captive animals faced with insoluble problems and may be indicative of reduced welfare. A 4 year prospective study of the factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours (abnormal behaviour) in a population of 225 young Thoroughbred and part-Thoroughbred horses was conducted between 1995 and 1999. Abnormal behaviour affected 34.7% of the population. Multivariable analysis showed that foals of low- or middle-ranking mares were less likely to develop abnormal behaviour than foals of dominant mares (rate ratio (RR) 0.23, P<0.01; RR 0.48, P<0.01, respectively). Weaning by confinement in a stable or barn was associated with an increased rate of development of abnormal behaviour, compared with paddock-weaning (RR 2.19, P<0.05), and housing in barns, rather than at grass after weaning, was associated with a further increase (RR 2.54, P<0.01). Specific stereotypic and redirected behaviours were then considered as separate outcomes. Crib-biting was initiated by 10.5% of horses at median age 20 weeks, weaving by 4.6% of horses at median age 60 weeks, box-walking by 2.3% of horses at median age 64 weeks and wood-chewing by 30.3% of horses at median age 30 weeks. Wood-chewing developed at a lower rate in horses born to subordinate or mid-ranking mares than in horses born to dominant mares (RR 0.29, P<0.01; RR 0.41, P<0.01, respectively), and at a higher rate in horses kept in barns or stables rather than at grass after weaning (RR 4.49, P<0.001; RR 1A6, P<0.001, respectively). Feeding concentrates after weaning was associated with a 4-fold increase in the rate of development of crib-biting (RR 4.12, P = 0.02). The results of this study support the idea that simple changes in feeding, housing and weaning practices could substantially lower the incidence of abnormal behaviour in young horses. |
Address |
University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, UK |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:12357996 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
84 |
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Author |
Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P. |
Title |
Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina' |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
384-390 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/*anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/*physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Vision/*physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields |
Abstract |
Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia |
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0425-1644 |
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Notes |
PMID:10505953 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
836 |
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Author |
Cooper, J.J. |
Title |
Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
Volume |
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Issue |
27 |
Pages |
39-43 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK |
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Notes |
PMID:10485003 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
846 |
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Author |
DREVEMO S et al, |
Title |
Equine locomotion: The analysis of linear and temporal stride characteristics of trotting standardbreds |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1980 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
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Pages |
60-65 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1025 |
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Author |
Francis-Smith, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
Title |
Copropgagia as seen in thoroughbred foals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
155-157 |
Keywords |
animal; article; coprophagy; defecation; eating; female; horse; horse disease; human; mastication |
Abstract |
Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development. |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1090 |
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Author |
KYDD J et al, |
Title |
Transfer of exotic equine embryos to domestic horses and donkeys |
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Journal Article |
Year |
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Equine Vet J |
Volume |
Suppl 3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
80-83 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1334 |
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Author |
Ödberg Fo, |
Title |
A study on eliminative and grazing behaviour – the use of the field by captive horses |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1976 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
147-149 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1428 |
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Author |
Staniar, W.B.; Kronfeld, D.S.; Hoffman, R.M.; Wilson, J.A.; Harris, P.A. |
Title |
Weight prediction from linear measures of growing Thoroughbreds |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
149-154 |
Keywords |
Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Biometry; Body Weight/*physiology; Female; Horses/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development; Male; Mathematics; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity |
Abstract |
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Monitoring weight of foals is a useful management practice to aid in maximising athletic potential while minimising risks associated with deviations from normal growth. OBJECTIVE: To develop predictive equations for weight, based on linear measurements of growing Thoroughbreds (TBs). METHODS: Morphometric equations predicting weight from measurements of the trunk and legs were developed from data of 153 foals. The accuracy, precision and bias of the best fitting equation were compared to published equations using a naive data set of 22 foals. RESULTS: Accuracy and precision were maximised with a broken line relating calculated volumes (V(t + l)) to measured weights. Use of the broken line is a 2 step process. V(t + l) is calculated from linear measures (m) of girth (G), carpus circumference (C), and length of body (B) and left forelimb (F). V(t + I) = ([G2 x B] + 4[C2 x F]) 4pi. If V(t + l) < 0.27 m3, weight is estimated: Weight (kg) = V(t + l) x 1093. If V(t + l) > or = 0.27 m3: Weight (kg) = V(t + l) x 984 + 24. The broken line was more accurate and precise than 3 published equations predicting the weight of young TBs. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of weight using morphometric equations requires attention to temporal changes in body shape and density; hence, a broken line is needed. Including calculated leg volume in the broken line model is another contributing factor to improvement in predictive capability. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The broken line maximises its value to equine professionals through its accuracy, precision and convenience. |
Address |
Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:15038438 |
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Serial |
1806 |
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Author |
Carroll, C.L.; Huntington, P.J. |
Title |
Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
20 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
41-45 |
Keywords |
Animals; Biometry; *Body Weight; Female; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Male; Physical Examination/*veterinary |
Abstract |
Three hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with height (r2 = 0.62), condition score (r2 = 0.22) and girth2 x length (r2 = 0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula: (formula, see text) The average value of 'Y' in this experiment was 11900 and this estimated weight with more accuracy than some previously published values of 'Y'. Racing Thoroughbred horses were found to be significantly lighter than non-racing Thoroughbreds of the same height and condition score. The method of assessment of condition score was shown to be repeatable between different operators with varying degrees of experience. |
Address |
Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Attwood Veterinary Research Laboratory, Westmeadows, Victoria, Australia |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:3366105 |
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no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1808 |
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