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Author |
Noë, R.; van Schaik, C.P.; van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. |
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Title |
The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
97-118 |
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Abstract |
Abstract * 1Animals can derive leverage over others from (a) resource holding power, based for instance on fighting ability or dominance, and (b) the possession of commodities, such as special skills and resources that cannot be taken away by force. * 2We contend that power based on the possession of commodities strongly depends on the level of supply and demand for that commodity, a phenomenon we call the ‘market effect’. * 3Several theoretical and empirical examples are given of social systems in which animals belong to two distinct classes that offer two different kinds of commodities. * 4The relative frequency of occurrence of the two classes is shown to determine the relative power of their members. * 5We consider the theoretical properties of bargaining processes by which relative power is converted into corresponding pay-off distributions. * 6We propose coalition games, a class of games with more than two players and in which bargaining is possible, as suitable paradigms for collaboration among members of social units. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5413 |
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Author |
Potts, W.K.; Manning, C.J.; Wakeland, E.K. |
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Title |
Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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Volume |
352 |
Issue |
6336 |
Pages |
619-621 |
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10.1038/352619a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5424 |
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Author |
Chase, M.W.; Hills, H.H. |
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Title |
Silica Gel: An Ideal Material for Field Preservation of Leaf Samples for DNA Studies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Taxon |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
215-220 |
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Abstract |
Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field-collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel. |
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International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) |
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0040-0262 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6004 |
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Author |
Sato, S.; Sako, S.; Maeda, A. |
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Title |
Social licking patterns in cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>): influence of environmental and social factors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-12 |
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To investigate the functions of social licking in cattle, four calves (one heifer and one steer in each of two herds), known to exhibit frequent social licking were observed continuously for 2 h before sunset for 13 days, using the focal animal sampling method. Calves were observed under various environmental conditions. Social licking significantly decreased on rainy days and tended to increase in a dirty barn and when food was restricted. Solicitation for social licking occurred not only from dominant animals of pairs but also from subordinates. Of the licking interactions, 31% occurred following solicitation, and these accounted for 39% of the total time spent licking. Following solicitation, 78% of social licking was oriented to the head and the neck regions that were inaccessible to self-licking animals. Unsolicited licking, however, was oriented not only to the head and the neck but also to the back and the rump regions, and these two latter regions were the major ones to receive licking. The effect of social relationships on social licking was investigated using least-squares analysis of variance. Social factors investigated were the difference of dominance values, the dominance-subordinance relationship, and kinship and familiarity; the sex of calves involved was also considered. Only familiarity had a significant effect on licking; exchanges of social licking increased with length of cohabitation. We suggest that social licking may have a cleaning effect, a tension-reducing effect and a bonding effect. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80158-3 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6409 |
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Author |
Lee, P. |
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Title |
Adaptation to environmental change:an evolutionary perspective |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Primate responses to environmental changes |
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Pages |
39-56 |
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Chapmann & Hall |
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London |
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H. O. Box |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6523 |
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Author |
Caanitz, H.; O'Leary, L.; Houpt, K.; Petersson, K.; Hintz, H. |
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Title |
Effect of exercise on equine behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
1-12 |
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Abstract |
The effect of short periods of strenuous exertion, in this case treadmill exercise, on the subsequent behavior of Standardbred horses was examined. Six horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill 4 or 5 days per week, for 3-4 miles (approximately 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min, 5 m s-1 for 12 min, 9 m s-1 for 3 min, 3 m s-1 for 3 min, 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min). The behavior of the horses was observed in the horse's home stall immediately after exercise and 2-7 h after exercise. Focal animal sampling for a total of 150 h revealed that the horses spent significantly more time drinking and less time resting after exercise than they did on control (non-exercise or rest days). The greatest influence on behavior was seen immediately after exercise. The horses spent 13.2+/-2.7 s per 15 min drinking after exercise and 7.2+/-2.3 s per 15 min drinking on non-exercise days. They spent 7.3+/-1.5 min h-1 stand resting after exercise and 9.7+/-2.1 min h-1 on non-exercise days. These changes in behavior may be related to the physiological changes that accompany exercise. Eating, walking, elimination and self-grooming were not significantly influenced by exercise. In a second experiment the activities of two groups of six Standardbred mares were compared. One group was exercised on the treadmill and the other was not. The exercised horses spent more time drinking and lying, but urinated less than the non-exercised group. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1989 |
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Author |
Kendrick, K.M. |
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Title |
How the sheep's brain controls the visual recognition of animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
69 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
5008-5016 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2940 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ; Parks KA; Novak MA |
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Title |
Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) attribute knowledge and ignorance to others? |
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Year |
1991 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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105 |
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318 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3032 |
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Author |
Sakura O; Matsuzawa T |
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Title |
Flexibility of wild chimpanzees nut-cracking behavior using stone hammers and anvils: an experimental analysis |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
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237 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3038 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A.; Alfieri, M. |
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Title |
Guppies and the TIT FOR TAT strategy: preference based on past interaction |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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28 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
243-246 |
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Abstract |
The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associate past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the “more cooperative” among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3397 |
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