| Records |
| Author |
Templeton, J. J.; Kamil, A. C.; Balda, R. P. |
| Title |
Sociality and social learning in two species of corvids: The pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
113 |
Issue |
4 |
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450-455 |
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| Abstract |
The hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living predicts that social species should learn better socially than they do individually, but that nonsocial species should not exhibit a similar enhancement of performance under social learning conditions. The authors compared individual and social learning abilities in 2 corvid species: the highly social pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the less social Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The birds were tested on 2 different tasks under individual and social learning conditions. Half learned a motor task individually and a discrimination task socially; the other half learned the motor task socially and the discrimination task individually. Pinyon jays learned faster socially than they did individually, but nutcrackers performed equally well under both learning conditions. Results support the hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living in pinyon jays. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2191 |
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Fragaszy, D.M.; Visalberghi E. |
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Social influences on the acquisition of tool-using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
103 |
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2 |
Pages |
159-170 |
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To identify behaviors related to acquisition of tool-use in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella), we presented two tool-using tasks to two groups, extending findings by Westergaard and Fragaszy (1987) and Visalberghi (in press). Five Ss learned to use the tools in each task. The primary predictor of success was level of interest in the task. Observation of others at the apparatus did not facilitate exploratory behaviors or contact with the tools in the observers. Most animals performed exploratory behaviors more often when they were at the apparatus alone than when with another, whether or not the other was using a tool. Observers were quick to learn the relationship between another's activities and the appearance of food. We conclude that capuchins do not readily learn about instrumental relations by observation of others or imitate other's acts. Imitation probably plays no role in the spread of novel instrumental behaviors among monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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social influences, acquisition of tool using |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2993 |
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Call J |
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Inferences about the location of food in the great apes (Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
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232 |
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Bonobos (Pan paniscus; n = 4), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; n = 12), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla; n = 8), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus; n = 6) were presented with 2 cups (1 baited) and given visual or auditory information about their contents. Visual information consisted of letting subjects look inside the cups. Auditory information consisted of shaking the cup so that the baited cup produced a rattling sound. Subjects correctly selected the baited cup both when they saw or heard the food. Nine individuals were above chance in both visual and auditory conditions. More important, subjects as a group selected the baited cup when only the empty cup was either shown or shaken, which means that subjects chose correctly without having seen or heard the food (i.e., inference by exclusion). Control tests showed that subjects were not more attracted to noisy cups, avoided shaken noiseless cups, or learned to use auditory information as a cue during the study. It is concluded that subjects understood that the food caused the noise, not simply that the noise was associated with the food. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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food location; inference ; apes;auditory information;visual information |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3057 |
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Gardner, P. |
| Title |
Responses of horses to the same signal in different positions |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1937 |
Publication |
journal of Comparative Psychology, |
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J. Comp. Physiol |
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23 |
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2 |
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305-332. |
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The horses were required to differentiate a box containing a black cloth from two associated boxes with no cloth. The correct box contained food. It differed in actual position with respect to the other boxes from trial to trial. After learning had occurred, the position of the cloth signal was changed. The changed positions produced many errors, the number of errors depending upon whether the cloth was higher or lower than the opening of the food box. Retests showed original learning to be relatively stable and unaffected. Factors influencing accuracy of discrimination were: contacts with cloth, position of box with respect to entrance, age of the horse (the younger made fewer errors), and breed and type of horse. There is evidence of some retention after three years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3592 |
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Hanggi, E.B. |
| Title |
Categorization Learning in Horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
113 |
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3 |
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243-252 |
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Categorization learning was investigated in 2 horses (Equus caballus). Both horses learned to select a 2-dimensional black stimulus with an open center instead of a filled stimulus in a 2-choice discrimination task. After a criterion of 10 out of 10 correct responses in a random series for 2 consecutive sessions was reached, 15 additional pairs of open-center versus filled stimuli were tested. Each was run to criterion and then incorporated into sessions of randomly mixed problems. Both horses solved the 1st problem by simple pattern discrimination and showed evidence of categorical processing for subsequent problems. New pairs were learned with few or no errors, and correct responses on novel trials were significantly above chance. These results suggest that the horses were making their selections on the basis of shared characteristics with the training stimuli and were using categorization skills in problem solving. |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3678 |
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Pack, A. A.; Herman, L. M. |
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Bottlenosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Comprehend the Referent of Both Static and Dynamic Human Gazing and Pointing in an Object-Choice Task. |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
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160-171 |
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The authors tested 2 bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) for their understanding of human-directed gazing or pointing in a 2-alternative object-choice task. A dolphin watched a human informant either gazing at or pointing toward 1 of 2 laterally placed objects and was required to perform a previously indicated action to that object. Both static and dynamic gaze, as well as static and dynamic direct points and cross-body points, yielded errorless or nearly errorless performance. Gaze with the informant's torso obscured (only the head was shown) produced no performance decrement, but gaze with eyes only resulted in chance performance. The results revealed spontaneous understanding of human gaze accomplished through head orientation, with or without the human informant's eyes obscured, and demonstrated that gaze-directed cues were as effective as point-directed cues in the object-choice task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4976 |
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Kubinyi, E.; Topál, J.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V. |
| Title |
Dogs (Canis familiaris) learn their owners via observation in a manipulation task. |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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117 |
Issue |
2 |
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156-165 |
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Eighty-seven pet dogs (Canis familiaris) were involved in an experiment in which they had to solve a task to obtain a ball. After witnessing a full demonstration by their owner (10 times pushing the handle of the box, which released a ball), most dogs preferred to touch the handle sooner and more frequently in comparison with other parts of the box, and they used the handle to get the ball. In contrast dogs in 3 control groups developed their own respective methods. The lack of emergence of the ball and playing after the demonstration did not affect the learning performance strongly. This suggests that in dogs the outcome of a demonstration plays only a restricted role in the manifestation of social learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5210 |
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Pongrácz, P; Miklósi, Á; Timár-Geng, K; Csányi, V. |
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Verbal Attention Getting as a Key Factor in Social Learning Between Dog (Canis familiaris) and Human. |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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118 |
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4 |
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375-383. |
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Pet dogs (Canis familiaris) learn to detour a V-shaped fence effectively from an unfamiliar human demonstrator. In this article, 4 main features of the demonstrator's behavior are highlighted: (a) the manipulation of the target, (b) the familiarity of the demonstrator, (c) the role of verbal attention-getting behavior, and (d) whether a strange trained dog could also be an effective demonstrator. The results show that the main factor of a successful human demonstration is the continuous verbal communication with the dog during detouring. It was also found that an unfamiliar dog demonstrator was as efficient as the unfamiliar experimenter. The experiments provide evidence that in adult dogs, communicative context with humans is needed for effective interspecific social learning to take place. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5218 |
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Branson, N.J.; Rogers, L.J. |
| Title |
Relationship between paw preference strength and noise phobia in Canis familiaris |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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120 |
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3 |
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176-183 |
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noise phobia; lateralization; paw preference; dog; fear |
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The authors investigated the relationship between degree of lateralization and noise phobia in 48 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) by scoring paw preference to hold a food object and relating it to reactivity to the sounds of thunderstorms and fireworks, measured by playback and a questionnaire. The dogs without a significant paw preference were significantly more reactive to the sounds than the dogs with either a left-paw or right-paw preference. Intense reactivity, therefore, is associated with a weaker strength of cerebral lateralization. The authors note the similarity between their finding and the weaker hand preferences shown in humans suffering extreme levels of anxiety and suggest neural mechanisms that may be involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Branson, N. J.: Centre for Neuroscience and Animal Behavior, School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, nbranson@une.edu.au |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1939-2087 (Electronic); 0735-7036 (Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2006-09888-002 |
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5384 |
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Call, J.; Tomasello, M. |
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Use of social information in the problem solving of orangutans (<em>Pongo pygmaeus</em>) and human children (<em>Homo sapiens</em>) |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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109 |
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3 |
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308-320 |
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cross species imitative learning in problem solving, human 3–4 yr olds vs orangutans |
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Fourteen juvenile and adult orangutans and 24 3- and 4-yr-old children participated in 4 studies on imitative learning in a problem-solving situation. In all studies a simple to operate apparatus was used, but its internal mechanism was hidden from subjects to prevent individual learning. In the 1st study, orangutans observed a human demonstrator perform 1 of 4 actions on the apparatus and obtain a reward; they subsequently showed no signs of imitative learning. Similar results were obtained in a 2nd study in which orangutan demonstrators were used. Similar results were also obtained in a 3rd study in which a human encouraged imitation from an orangutan that had previously been taught to mimic arbitrary human actions. In a 4th study, human 3- and 4-yr-old children learned the task by means of imitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1939-2087 (Electronic); 0735-7036 (Print) |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1995-42883-001 |
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5448 |
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