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| Author | Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Taking the best for learning | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behavioural processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 69 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 147-9; author reply 159-63 |
| Keywords | *Algorithms; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Evolution; *Learning; *Models, Theoretical | ||||
| Abstract | Examples of how animals learn when multiple, sometimes redundant, cues are present provide further examples not considered by Hutchinson and Gigerenzer that seem to fit the principle of taking the best. “The best” may the most valid cue in the present circumstances; evolution may also produce species-specific biases to use the most functionally relevant cues. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G3. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca | ||||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15845301 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 361 | ||
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| Author | Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Place versus response learning revisited: tests of blocking on the radial maze | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behavioral neuroscience | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Neurosci |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 567-586 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Male; *Maze Learning; Memory; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reproducibility of Results | ||||
| Abstract | Neurobiological and behavioral research indicates that place learning and response learning occur simultaneously, in parallel. Such findings seem to conflict with theories of associative learning in which different cues compete for learning. The authors conducted place+response training on a radial maze and then tested place learning and response learning separately by reconfiguring the maze in various ways. Consistent with the effects of manipulating place and response systems in the brain (M. G. Packard & J. L. McGaugh, 1996), well-trained rats showed strong place learning and strong response learning. Three experiments using associative blocking paradigms indicated that prior response learning interferes with place learning. Blocking and related tests can be used to better understand how memory systems interact during learning. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3567, USA. bgibson@cisunix.unh.edu | ||||
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English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7044 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15839803 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 362 | ||
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| Author | Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | What do rats learn about the geometry of object arrays? Tests with exploratory behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 142-154 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans | ||||
| Abstract | Six experiments using habituation of exploratory behavior tested whether disoriented rats foraging in a large arena encode the shapes of arrays of objects. Rats did not respond to changes in position of a single object, but they responded to a change in object color and to a change in position of 1 object in a square array, as in previous research (e.g., C. Thinus-Blanc et al., 1987). Rats also responded to an expansion of a square array, suggesting that they encoded sets of interobject distances rather than overall shape. In Experiments 4-6, rats did not respond to changes in sense of a triangular array that maintained interobject distances and angles. Shapes of object arrays are encoded differently from shapes of enclosures. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shannon.skov.rackette@utoronto.ca | ||||
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English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15839772 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 363 | ||
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| Author | Shettleworth, S.J.; Sutton, J.E. | ||||
| Title | Multiple systems for spatial learning: dead reckoning and beacon homing in rats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 125-141 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cues; *Feeding Behavior; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Homing Behavior; *Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; *Space Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Rats homed with food in a large lighted arena. Without visual cues, they used dead reckoning. When a beacon indicated the home, rats could also use the beacon. Homing did not differ in 2 groups of rats, 1 provided with the beacon and 1 without it; tests without the beacon gave no evidence that beacon learning overshadowed dead reckoning (Experiment 1). When the beacon was at the home for 1 group and in random locations for another, there was again no evidence of cue competition (Experiment 2). Dead reckoning experience did not block acquisition of beacon homing (Experiment 3). Beacon learning and dead reckoning do not compete for predictive value but acquire information in parallel and are used hierarchically. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca | ||||
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English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15839771 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 364 | ||
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| Author | Hemelrijk, C.K.; Wantia, J. | ||||
| Title | Individual variation by self-organisation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews | Abbreviated Journal | Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
| Volume | 29 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 125-136 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Female; Humans; *Individuality; Male; Models, Psychological; Sex Characteristics; *Social Dominance; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | In this paper, we show that differences in dominance and spatial centrality of individuals in a group may arise through self-organisation. Our instrument is a model, called DomWorld, that represents two traits that are often found in animals, namely grouping and competing. In this model individual differences grow under the following conditions: (1) when the intensity of aggression increases and grouping becomes denser, (2) when the degree of sexual dimorphism in fighting power increases. In this case the differences among females compared to males grow too, (3) when, upon encountering another individual, the tendency to attack is 'obligate' and not conditional, namely 'sensitive to risks'. Results resemble phenomena described for societies of primates, mice, birds and pigs. | ||||
| Address | Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, NN Haren, The Netherlands. hemelrij@ifi.unizh.ch | ||||
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English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0149-7634 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15652260 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 443 | ||
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| Author | Hanggi, E.B. | ||||
| Title | The Thinking Horse: Cognition and Perception | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | International Veterinary Information Service | Abbreviated Journal | AAEP |
| Volume | 51 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Cognition and perception in horses has often been misunderstood. Not only in the past but even today, people proclaim that horses react only by instinct, that they are just conditioned-response animals, that they lack advanced cognitive ability, and that they have poor visual capabilities (e.g., acuity, color vision, depth perception). Until relatively recently, there was little scientific evidence to address such beliefs. Change, however, is underway as scientific and public interest in all aspects of equine learning and perception intensifies. A review of the scientific literature, as well as practical experience, shows that horses excel at simpler forms of learning such as classical and operant conditioning, which is not surprising considering their trainability when these principles and practices are applied. Furthermore, horses have shown ease in stimulus generalization and discrimination learning. Most recently and unexpected by many, horses have solved advanced cognitive challenges involving categorization learning and some degree of concept formation. A comprehensive understanding of the cognitive and perceptual abilities of horses is necessary to ensure that this species receives proper training, handling, management, and care. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 465 | ||
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| Author | Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Human-like social skills in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 439-444 |
| Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition/*physiology; Dogs; *Evolution; Humans; *Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Domestic dogs are unusually skilled at reading human social and communicative behavior--even more so than our nearest primate relatives. For example, they use human social and communicative behavior (e.g. a pointing gesture) to find hidden food, and they know what the human can and cannot see in various situations. Recent comparisons between canid species suggest that these unusual social skills have a heritable component and initially evolved during domestication as a result of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression towards humans. Differences in chimpanzee and human temperament suggest that a similar process may have been an important catalyst leading to the evolution of unusual social skills in our own species. The study of convergent evolution provides an exciting opportunity to gain further insights into the evolutionary processes leading to human-like forms of cooperation and communication. | ||||
| Address | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany. hare@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16061417 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 546 | ||
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| Author | Digweed, Shannon M.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Rendall, Drew | ||||
| Title | Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 142 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 997-1021 |
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| Abstract | (Accepted: 23 June 2005) Summary Much research in animal communication is aimed at understanding the functional design features of animal vocal signals. Our detailed analyses of the vocalizations and behavioural responses elicited in white-faced capuchins by predators and other disturbances point to two call variants that differ modestly in their acoustic structure and that are accompanied by functionally distinct behavioural responses. The first variant is given exclusively to avian predators and is almost invariably accompanied by the monkeys immediate descent from the treetops where it is most vulnerable; therefore, we label this call variant the aerial predator alarm?. The second variant, that differs only slightly but noticeably from the first, is given to a wide range of snakes and mammals, including a range of species that represent no predatory threat to the monkeys. This second call is also associated with more variable responses from calling monkeys, from delayed retreat from the source of disturbance, to active approach, inspection, and sometimes mobbing of the animal involved. We therefore label this variant more generally as an “alerting call”. Although some other primate species show a more diverse system of anti-predator calls, and the capuchins themselves may yet be found to produce a greater variety of calls, a system of two call variants with varying degrees of predator specificity and behavioural response is not uncommon among primates and appears functionally appropriate for capuchins. The basic structure of the alerting call allows conspecific listeners to localize the caller and the source of disturbance readily, thereby allowing listeners to approach and assist in mobbing in cases where the disturbance warrants it, or to avoid the area in cases where the disturbance is identified as a predatory threat. Conversely, the aerial predator alarm is inherently less localizable and therefore conveys the |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 547 | ||
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| Author | Zhou, W.-X.; Sornette, D.; Hill, R.A.; Dunbar, R.I.M. | ||||
| Title | Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 272 | Issue | 1561 | Pages | 439-444 |
| Keywords | Anthropology, Cultural; *Group Structure; Humans; *Models, Biological; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | The 'social brain hypothesis' for the evolution of large brains in primates has led to evidence for the coevolution of neocortical size and social group sizes, suggesting that there is a cognitive constraint on group size that depends, in some way, on the volume of neural material available for processing and synthesizing information on social relationships. More recently, work on both human and non-human primates has suggested that social groups are often hierarchically structured. We combine data on human grouping patterns in a comprehensive and systematic study. Using fractal analysis, we identify, with high statistical confidence, a discrete hierarchy of group sizes with a preferred scaling ratio close to three: rather than a single or a continuous spectrum of group sizes, humans spontaneously form groups of preferred sizes organized in a geometrical series approximating 3-5, 9-15, 30-45, etc. Such discrete scale invariance could be related to that identified in signatures of herding behaviour in financial markets and might reflect a hierarchical processing of social nearness by human brains. | ||||
| Address | State Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China | ||||
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| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15734699 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 549 | ||
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| Author | Moehlman, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Endangered wild equids | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Scientific American | Abbreviated Journal | Sci Am |
| Volume | 292 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 74-81 |
| Keywords | Africa; Americas; Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; *Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group | ||||
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| ISSN | 0036-8733 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15859216 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 551 | ||
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