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| Author |
Hall, C.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Warren, R.J. |
| Title |
Maternal and developmental behavior of the feral horses of Cumberland Island, Georgia |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
37 |
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1 |
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85 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2271 |
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| Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carini, C.M. |
| Title |
Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbor relationships among foals of Equus caballus |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
113-123 |
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A 3-year study was carried out on the developmental behavior of foals from birth to 24 weeks of age and the behavior of mares living with foals. Mutual-grooming partners of foals were primarily other foals. The peak frequency of mutual grooming occurred during Weeks 9-12, when fillies mutual-groomed 1.6 times h-1 and colts mutual-groomed 0.9 times h-1. Fillies mutual-groomed more frequently than colts (P < 0.025). Fillies mutual-groomed randomly with colts and other fillies (P < 0.05), whereas colts mutual-groomed almost exclusively with fillies (P = 0.03). At all ages studied, if a foal's nearest neighbor was not its mother, it was more likely to be another foal than would be expected if the foal was associating randomly with non-mother ponies. Fillies were more likely than expected to have a filly rather than a colt as their nearest neighbor (P = 0.01). Thus, during their first few months of life, the foals studied exhibited patterns of behavior which were consistent with the development of the usual social milieu of unmanaged adults, in which several mares form a cohesive herd with one or more stallions associating with them. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2276 |
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| Author |
Cunningham, C.; Berger, J. |
| Title |
Wild horses of the Granite Range |
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Journal Article |
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1986 |
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Natural History |
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32-39 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2279 |
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Feh, C.; Enchbold, S.; Munchtuya, B. |
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Preliminary assessment of the Gurvan Saikhan National Conservation Park's potential for Gobi khulan (Equus hemionus luteus) |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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GTZ |
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GTZ |
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Ulaan Baatar |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2288 |
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Feh, C.; Munkhtuya, B.; Enkhbold, S.; Sukhbaatar, T. |
| Title |
Ecology and social structure of the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus subsp. in the Gobi B National Park, Mongolia |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. Conserva. |
| Volume |
101 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
51-61 |
| Keywords |
Equus hemionus; Ecology and social structure; Gobi National Park; Mongolia |
| Abstract |
The status of the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus subsp. is recorded as “insufficiently known” in the Species Survival Commission's Equid Action Plan. Recent counts confirm that Mongolia holds the most important population of the whole species. Since 1953, the animals have benefited from a protected status, but this is now challenged. A 5-year study in the B part of the Gobi National Park on one subpopulation showed that it has remained stable over the past 15 years with an adequate mean reproductive rate of 15% and a 50% survival rate over the first year. Age/sex related mortality and prey analysis indicate that wolf predation probably has some impact on the population, in particular for 4-6-year-olds of both sexes at the start of reproduction. Desert and mountain steppes are the khulan's year-round preferred habitat, but `oases', play an important role at the beginning of lactation. Anthropogenic factors affect both home range and habitat use through direct intervention or permanent occupation of the scarce water sources. Khulans of this subpopulation, unlike other Asian and African wild asses, form year-round stable, non-territorial families. These families and all-male groups join together into “bands” in winter, and herds of several hundred animals, where reproductive rate is highest, form throughout the year. The existence of such herds may thus be critical for the breeding success of the population. Our study provides the first detailed quantitative data for this subspecies, which will help to monitor changes in the future. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2289 |
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Gosling, L.M.; Roberts, S.C. |
| Title |
Testing ideas about the function of scent marks in territories from spatial patterns |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
F7-F10 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2317 |
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Kolter, L.; Schach,C.; Weber, T. |
| Title |
Habitat use of feral and Przewalski's horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Natur- und Kulturlandschaft |
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3 |
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332-342 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2333 |
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Kruger, K.; Gaillard, C.; Stranzinger, G.; Rieder, S. |
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Phylogenetic analysis and species allocation of individual equids using microsatellite data |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics |
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122 |
Issue |
s1 |
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78-86 |
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Summary The taxonomic status of all equid species is not completely unravelled. This is of practical relevance for conservation initiatives of endangered, fragmented equid populations, such as the Asiatic wild asses (in particular Equus hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan). In this study, a marker panel consisting of 31 microsatellite loci was used to assess species demarcation and phylogeny, as well as allocation of individuals (n = 120) to specific populations of origin (n = 11). Phylogenetic analysis revealed coalescence times comparable with those previously published from fossil records and mtDNA data. Using Bayesian approaches, it was possible to distinguish between the studied equids, although individual assignment levels varied. The observed results support the maintenance of separate captive conservation herds for E. hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan. The first molecular genetic results for E. hemionus luteus remained contradictory, as they unexpectedly indicated a closer genetic relationship between E. hemionus luteus and E. kiang holderi compared with the other hemiones. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2334 |
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Lamoot, I.; Callebaut, J.; Demeulenaere, E.; Vandenberghe, C.; Hoffmann, M. |
| Title |
Foraging behaviour of donkeys grazing in a coastal dune area in temperate climate conditions |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
92 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
93-112 |
| Keywords |
Grazing behaviour; Habitat use; Donkey; Equid; Diet composition |
| Abstract |
A small herd of donkeys was introduced in a coastal dune reserve `Houtsaegerduinen' (ca. 80 ha) in Belgium, in order to slow down expansion of dominant grass and shrub species. The Houtsaegerduinen is a nutrient poor scrub-dominated dune system with a spatially heterogeneous vegetation pattern. Different aspects of the grazing behaviour (grazing time, bite rate, habitat use, diet composition) of the free-ranging donkeys are described and analysed. Behavioural data (of maximum six adult mares) were collected through continuous focal animal observation in three consecutive years (1998-2001). Temporal variation in grazing time, habitat use and diet composition was determined. During daylight, donkeys spent most of their time on grazing (56%). In all 3 years, grazing time was significantly shorter in summer (45% of their time), longest grazing times were achieved in spring (64%). In spring, the donkeys also achieved the highest bite rate (21.5 bites/min). The grassy habitat was preferred for foraging in all seasons, while the use of scrub and woodland was variable over time. Averaged over the four seasons, the general diet consisted for 80% of graminoids, 10% of forbs and 10% of woody plants. However, diet composition varied not only among seasons and years, but depended also on the foraged habitat type. We discuss the possible role of the donkeys in nature management. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2338 |
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Lamoot, I.; Callebaut, J.; Degezelle, T.; Demeulenaere, E.; Laquiere, J.; Vandenberghe, C.; Hoffmann, M. |
| Title |
Eliminative behaviour of free-ranging horses: do they show latrine behaviour or do they defecate where they graze? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
86 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
105-121 |
| Keywords |
Equids; Faeces avoidance; Grazing behaviour; Spatial differentiation; Urine; Horse marking |
| Abstract |
In contrast to horses in pastures, it is thought that free-ranging horses do not perform latrine behaviour, i.e. a behavioural pattern whereby the animals graze and defecate in separate areas. However, few studies deal with this particular subject, reporting contrasting conclusions. We hypothesize that horses free-ranging in large heterogeneous areas do not perform latrine behaviour. Thus, we believe that grazing and elimination behaviour are spatially related: where horses graze, they will also defecate. Behavioural data were collected from Konik horses, Haflinger horses, Shetland ponies and donkeys, grazing in different nature reserves (54-80 ha). Data for the different equids were analyzed separately, as well as data for mares and stallions (Konik and donkey stallions only). We investigated the proportion of the number of defecations/urinations while grazing on the total number of defecations/urinations; furthermore, we searched for the sequence of behaviours representing latrine behaviour in the strict sense. Additionally, we analyzed the correlation between grazing behaviour and eliminative behaviour on both vegetation type level and patch level. All the female equids often continued grazing while defecating. During urination, grazing ceases in the majority of instances. Cases where a mare terminated grazing in a certain vegetation type and sward height to eliminate in another vegetation type or in another sward height within the same vegetation type were rarely observed. On the vegetation type level as well as on the patch level, there was a highly significant (P<0.001) positive correlation between grazing time and number of eliminations (or eliminating time). The high values of the correlation coefficients (in case of the defecation variables r ranges between 0.553 and 0.955; in case of the urination variables r ranges between 0.370 and 0.839) illustrate that the spatial distribution of the eliminative behaviour can be explained to a high degree by the spatial distribution of the grazing behaviour. Results in the case of the stallions are preliminary, but indicate the same pattern. Horses, free-ranging in large heterogeneous areas, do not perform latrine behaviour, but defecate where they graze. Possibly, animal density is of major importance to explain this behavioural difference with horses in pastures. We suggest that also spatial vegetation heterogeneity and plant productivity of the grazed area, as well as parasite status of the grazing animals could play a role. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2339 |
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