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Author |
Adler, L.L.; Adler, H.E. |
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Title |
Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
267-271 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Dogs/*physiology; Female; Learning/*physiology; Male; Vision, Ocular/physiology |
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Abstract |
A split-litter technique was used to test observational learning in 4 litters of Miniature Dachshund puppies, 21, 28, 38, and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. In one side of a duplicate cage, one puppy of a litter, the demonstrator, learned to pull in a food cart on a runner by means of a ribbon, while another puppy, the observer, watched from an adjacent compartment, separated by a wire screen. Observational learning was demonstrated by the saving in time for the 1st trial when the observer was given the same problem to solve. Maturation, particularly the development of visual function and motor coordination, set a lower age limit for the emergence of observational learning. |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:863122 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5186 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M. |
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Title |
A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
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Volume |
65 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
671-698 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; *Grooming; Haplorhini/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction; Social Dominance; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Grooming networks among adult female monkeys exhibit two similar features across a number of different species. High-ranking animals receive more grooming than others, and the majority of grooming occurs between females of adjacent rank. A theoretical model which duplicates these features is presented, and the properties of the model are used to explain the possible causation and function of female grooming behaviour. The model illustrates how relatively simple principles governing the behaviour of individuals may be used to explain more complex aspects of the social structure of non-human primate groups. |
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0022-5193 |
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PMID:406485 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5259 |
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Author |
Alexander, R, MCN et al |
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Title |
Fast locomotion of some african ungulates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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Volume |
183 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
291-300 |
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Abstract |
ABSTRACT
Ten species of ungulate were filmed, galloping in their natural habitat. They ranged in size from Thomson's gazelle (about 20 kg) to giraffe (about 1000 kg). They were pursued to make them run as fast as possible. The films have been analysed to determine speed, stride frequency, stride and step lengths, and duty factors. The dependence of these quantities on body size is discussed.
Summary:
Fast locomotion of zebra, giraffe, warthog and seven species of Bovidae has been studied. The animals were filmed from a pursuing vehicle while galloping in their natural habitat.
Stride frequency was more closely correlated with limb length (represented by hip height) than with body mass. Mean stride frequency was proportional to (hip height)-0·51 and maximum stride frequency to (hip height) -0·63.
Maximum speed was between 10 and 14 m s -1 for all species except buffalo (7 m s -1). It was not significantly correlated with body mass.
Since the small species ran at least as fast as the large ones they attained higher Froude numbers. Relative stride length was approximately 1·8 (Froude number)0·39 for all species, irrespective of size. Relative step length was approximately 0·65 (Froude number)0·2, both for the fore feet and for the hind ones. The vertical forces exerted by the feet are proportional to (body weight)×(Froude number)0·2 so the forces at maximum speed are larger multiples of body weight for small species than for large ones. |
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Notes |
from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
130 |
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Author |
Berger, J. |
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Title |
Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
131-146 |
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Abstract |
1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition.
2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display.
3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands.
4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader.
5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures. |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
748 |
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Author |
Knill, L.M.; Eagleton, R.D.; Harver, E. |
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Title |
Physical optics of the equine eye |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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Volume |
38 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
735-737 |
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Keywords |
visual system function; Ocular Physiology |
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Abstract |
The equine eye was treated as a general lens system and calculations were done to determine image position in relation to the retina for objects at a distance of infinity, 100 m, and 1 m. The retina is 19.1 mm behind the posterior surface of the lens; therefore, the image appears 14.6 mm posterior to the retina at infinity and at 100 m, and 16.3 mm at 1-m distance on a horizontal axis. The animals studied were hyperopic. It is evident that the horse must move its head or eye, or both, for optimal visual acuity. At the same time, some objects in the total field of vision are imperceptible or indistinct. |
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00029645 (Issn) |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 15 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Knill, L.M. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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852 |
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Author |
Bard Jbl, |
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Title |
A unity underlying the different zebra stripping patterns |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool Lond |
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Volume |
183 |
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Pages |
527-539 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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923 |
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Author |
Francis-Smith, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
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Title |
Copropgagia as seen in thoroughbred foals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
155-157 |
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Keywords |
animal; article; coprophagy; defecation; eating; female; horse; horse disease; human; mastication |
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Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1090 |
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Author |
HANSEN et al, |
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Title |
Foods of wild horses, deer and cattle in the Douglas Mountain Area, Colorado |
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1977 |
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J Range Mgmt |
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30 |
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116-118 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1158 |
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Author |
Klingel H, |
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Title |
Observations on Social Organization and Behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and E. hemionus) |
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1977 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
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44 |
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323-331 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1309 |
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Author |
Klingel H, |
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Title |
Eine feine Gesellschaft. |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
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GEo |
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GEo |
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10 |
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106-120 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1310 |
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