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Joynson, R. B. |
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Towards understanding relationships, by Robert A. Hinde. London: Academic, 1979, pp xii + 367 |
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1981 |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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7 |
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3 |
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275-280 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4813 |
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Gácsi, M.; McGreevy, P.; Kara, E.; Miklósi, Á. |
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Title |
Effects of selection for cooperation and attention in dogs |
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2009 |
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Behavioral and Brain Functions |
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Behav Brain Funct |
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5 |
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31 |
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the functional similarities in the socio-cognitive behaviour of dogs and humans emerged as a consequence of comparable environmental selection pressures. Here we use a novel approach to account for the facilitating effect of domestication in dogs and reveal that selection for two factors under genetic influence (visual cooperation and focused attention) may have led independently to increased comprehension of human communicational cues. METHOD: In Study 1, we observed the performance of three groups of dogs in utilizing the human pointing gesture in a two-way object choice test. We compared breeds selected to work while visually separated from human partners (N = 30, 21 breeds, clustered as independent worker group), with those selected to work in close cooperation and continuous visual contact with human partners (N = 30, 22 breeds, clustered as cooperative worker group), and with a group of mongrels (N = 30).Secondly, it has been reported that, in dogs, selective breeding to produce an abnormal shortening of the skull is associated with a more pronounced area centralis (location of greatest visual acuity). In Study 2, breeds with high cephalic index and more frontally placed eyes (brachycephalic breeds, N = 25, 14 breeds) were compared with breeds with low cephalic index and laterally placed eyes (dolichocephalic breeds, N = 25, 14 breeds). RESULTS: In Study 1, cooperative workers were significantly more successful in utilizing the human pointing gesture than both the independent workers and the mongrels.In study 2, we found that brachycephalic dogs performed significantly better than dolichocephalic breeds. DISCUSSION: After controlling for environmental factors, we have provided evidence that at least two independent phenotypic traits with certain genetic variability affect the ability of dogs to rely on human visual cues. This finding should caution researchers against making simple generalizations about the effects of domestication and on dog-wolf differences in the utilization of human visual signals. |
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Dept, of Ethology, Eotvos University, H-1117, Budapest, Pazmany P, s, 1/c,, Hungary. gm.art@t-online.hu |
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English |
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1744-9081 |
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PMID:19630939 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4968 |
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Rappolt, G. A.; John, J.; Thompson, N. S. |
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Canine responses to familiar and unfamiliar humans |
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1979 |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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5 |
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2 |
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155-161 |
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Dogs were observed during controlled approaches by their owners and by strangers. Significant differences between the dogs' responses to their owners and their responses to strangers were found. These results supported the popular belief that dogs respond differently to different persons, and not merely to different situations in which persons are usually encountered. |
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Departments of Biology and Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts DOI – 10.1002/1098-2337(1979)5 – 2<155 – - AID-AB2480050206>3.0.CO;2-D |
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Copyright © 1979 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4978 |
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Sih, A.; Hanser, S.; McHugh, K. |
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Social network theory: new insights and issues for behavioral ecologists |
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2009 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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63 |
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7 |
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975-988 |
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Abstract Until recently, few studies have used social network theory (SNT) and metrics to examine how social network structure (SNS) might influence social behavior and social dynamics in non-human animals. Here, we present an overview of why and how the social network approach might be useful for behavioral ecology. We first note four important aspects of SNS that are commonly observed, but relatively rarely quantified: (1) that within a social group, differences among individuals in their social experiences and connections affect individual and group outcomes; (2) that indirect connections can be important (e.g., partners of your partners matter); (3) that individuals differ in their importance in the social network (some can be considered keystone individuals); and (4) that social network traits often carry over across contexts (e.g., SN position in male–male competition can influence later male mating success). We then discuss how these four points, and the social network approach in general, can yield new insights and questions for a broad range of issues in behavioral ecology including: mate choice, alternative mating tactics, male–male competition, cooperation, reciprocal altruism, eavesdropping, kin selection, dominance hierarchies, social learning, information flow, social foraging, and cooperative antipredator behavior. Finally, we suggest future directions including: (1) integrating behavioral syndromes and SNT; (2) comparing space use and SNS; (3) adaptive partner choice and SNS; (4) the dynamics and stability (or instability) of social networks, and (5) group selection shaping SNS. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4990 |
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Zahn-Waxler, C; Radke-Yarrow, M. |
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The Development of Altruism: Alternative Research Strategies |
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1982 |
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The Development of Prosocial Behavior |
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New York: Academic Press |
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New York |
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Eisenberg , N. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5011 |
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Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. |
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The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. |
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1982 |
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The development of prosocial behavior |
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109-138 |
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Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982) The development of altruism:
Alternative research strategies. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed.
N. Eisenberg. Academic Press. [aSDP] |
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Academic Press |
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New York |
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Eisenberg, N. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5061 |
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Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J. |
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The Evolution of Social Dominance I: Two-player Models |
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2003 |
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Behavior |
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Behavior |
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140 |
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10 |
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1305-1332 |
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A difference in dominance rank is an often-used cue to resolve conflicts between two animals without escalated fights. At the group level, adherence to a dominance convention efficiently reduces the costs associated with conflicts, but from an individual's point of view, it is difficult to explain why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. This is especially true if, as suggested by several authors, dominance not necessarily reflects differences in fighting ability but rather results from arbitrary historical asymmetries. According to this idea, rank differentiation emerges from behavioural strategies, referred to as winner and loser effects, in which winners of previous conflicts are more likely to win the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. In order to investigate whether dominance, based on such winner and loser effects, can be evolutionarily stable, we analyse a game theoretical model. The model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no differences in fighting ability between individuals at all. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. By means of numerical analysis, we find alternative evolutionarily stable strategies, which all utilize these asymmetries for conventional conflict resolution. One class of these strategies is based on winner and loser effects, thus generating evolutionarily stable dominance relations even in the absence of differences in resource holding potential. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5105 |
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Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J. |
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The Evolution of Social Dominance II: Multi-Player Models |
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2003 |
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Behavior |
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Behavior |
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140 |
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10 |
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1333-1358 |
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The social hierarchies observed in natural systems often show a high degree of transitivity. Transitive hierarchies do not only require rank differentiation within pairs of individuals but also a higher level ordering of relations within the group. Several authors have suggested that the formation of linear hierarchies at the group level is an emergent property of individual behavioural rules, referred to as winner and loser effects. Winner and loser effects occur if winners of previous conflicts are more likely to escalate the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. According to this idea, an individual's position in a hierarchy may not necessarily reflect its fighting ability, but may rather result from arbitrary historical asymmetries, in particular the history of victories and defeats. However, if this is the case, it is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. Here we present a game theoretical model to investigate whether winner and loser effects giving rise to transitive hierarchies can evolve and under which conditions they are evolutionarily stable. The main version of the model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no intrinsic differences in fighting ability between individuals. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. We show that, at evolutionary equilibrium, these asymmetries can be utilized for conventional conflict resolution. Several evolutionarily stable strategies are based on winner and loser effects and these strategies give rise to transitive hierarchies. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5106 |
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Krause, J.; Bumann, D.; Todt, D. |
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Relationship between the position preference and nutritional state of individuals in schools of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) |
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1992 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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30 |
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3 |
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177-180 |
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Position preferences of well-fed and food-deprived juvenile roach were investigated in schools of 2 and 4 fish in the laboratory. Food-deprived fish appeared significantly more often in the front position than their well-fed conspecifics. For fish at the same hunger level, individuals at the front of the school had the highest feeding rate. These results represent the first evidence for a relationship between the nutritional state of individual fish and their positions in a school and suggest a functional advantage of the preference. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5140 |
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Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J. |
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Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates |
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2003 |
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Advances in the Study of Behavior |
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32 |
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1-75 |
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Academic Press |
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Peter J. B. Slater, J.S.R., Charles T. Snowdon and Timothy J. Roper |
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0065-3454 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5144 |
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