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Elfman, L.; Brannstrom, J.; Smedje, G. |
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Title |
Detection of Horse Allergen around a Stable |
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2007 |
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Int Arch Allergy Immunol |
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145 |
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4 |
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269-276 |
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Background: Integrating horse stables with built-up areas may lead to conflicts. Dispersion of horse allergen may become a health risk for allergic people. The aim was to measure the dispersion of horse allergen around a stable, considering wind speed and direction and vegetation. The disturbance of staff at a workplace nearby a stable was investigated. Methods: Air sampling was performed around a stable (32 horses) at distances of 50-500 m in all directions. Sampling was done with a pump and an IOM sampler. Samples were collected at 50 points during all seasons. Horse allergen levels were determined using ELISA. Disturbance by horses was studied with a questionnaire handed to the employees in an office near the stable. Results: The median horse allergen level at the stable entrance was 316 U/m(3), in the horse fields 40 U/m(3) and in the whole source area 16 U/m(3), which declined to <2 U/m(3) at about 50 m from the source area. Downwind of the prevailing winds low levels of horse allergen (2-4 U/m(3)) could sometimes be detected at up to 500 m. The staff, including those allergic to horses, managed to tolerate horses close to the workplace. Conclusions: At low winds horse allergen spread in ambient air about 50 m from the stable and horse fields. At higher winds low allergen levels were sometimes found in open areas up to 500 m from the source area. These levels were similar to those found in the office after moving away from the stable area. The employees did not report more symptoms of allergy or asthma while working close to the stable compared to after the move. Copyright (c) 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel. |
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Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden |
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1423-0097 |
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PMID:18025788 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4357 |
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Rietbroek, N.J.; Dingboom, E.G.; Joosten, B.J.L.J.; Eizema, K.; Everts, M.E. |
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Title |
Effect of show jumping training on the development of locomotory muscle in young horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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68 |
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11 |
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1232-1238 |
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether training for show jumping that is commenced early after birth affects the characteristics of equine locomotory muscle. ANIMALS: 19 Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURES: Horses were assigned to a trained or not trained (control) group. After weaning, training (free jumping [2 d/wk] that was alternated with a 20-minute period of exercise in a mechanical rotating walker [3 d/wk]) was started and continued until horses were 3 years old. Fiber type composition (determined from myosin heavy chain [MyHC] content), fiber area, diffusion index (area supplied by 1 capillary), citrate synthase activity, and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content were assessed in gluteus medius muscle specimens collected at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years. RESULTS: Developmental changes included an increase in MyHC fiber type IIa and a decrease in type IIad; increases in fiber area, diffusion index, and citrate synthase activity; and a decrease in Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content. The MyHC fiber type I and type IId were detected in high and low proportions, respectively. Training increased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content, but did not affect other variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses, show jumping training at an early age resulted in increased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content of the deep portions of the gluteus medius muscle. The lack of training effects on the other muscle characteristics can partly be explained by the fact that an appropriate (aerobic) fiber type composition was already established at training commencement. These data also suggested that the developmental changes in equine muscle represent sufficient adaptation to meet the demands of this specific training. |
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Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:17975979 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4358 |
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Dugnol, B.; Fernández, C.; Galiano, G. |
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Title |
Wolf population counting by spectrogram image processing |
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2007 |
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Appl Math Comput |
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186 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Dugnol2007 |
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6464 |
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Dugnol, B.; Fernández, C.; Galiano, G.; Velasco, J. |
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Implementation of a diffusive differential reassignment method for signal enhancement: An application to wolf population counting |
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2007 |
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Appl Math Comput |
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193 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Dugnol2007 |
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6465 |
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Palacios, V.; Font, E.; Marquez, R. |
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Iberian wolf howls: acoustic structure, individual variation, and a comparison with North American populations |
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2007 |
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J Mammal |
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88 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Palacios2007 |
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6469 |
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Bonnie, K.E.; Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: a controlled experiment |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
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Proc Biol Sci |
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274 |
Issue |
1608 |
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367-372 |
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Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a rich cultural repertoire--traditions common in some communities are not present in others. The majority of reports describe functional, material traditions, such as tool use. Arbitrary conventions have received far less attention. In the same way that observations of material culture in wild apes led to experiments to confirm social transmission and identify underlying learning mechanisms, experiments investigating how arbitrary habits or conventions arise and spread within a group are also required. The few relevant experimental studies reported thus far have relied on cross-species (i.e. human-ape) interaction offering limited ecological validity, and no study has successfully generated a tradition not involving tool use in an established group. We seeded one of two rewarded alternative endpoints to a complex sequence of behaviour in each of two chimpanzee groups. Each sequence spread in the group in which it was seeded, with many individuals unambiguously adopting the sequence demonstrated by a group member. In one group, the alternative sequence was discovered by a low ranking female, but was not learned by others. Since the action-sequences lacked meaning before the experiment and had no logical connection with reward, chimpanzees must have extracted both the form and benefits of these sequences through observation of others. |
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Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. kebonni@emory.edu |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:17164200 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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157 |
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Dindo, M.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Partner effects on food consumption in brown capuchin monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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American journal of primatology |
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Am. J. Primatol. |
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69 |
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4 |
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448-456 |
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It has been claimed that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) show inequity aversion in relation to food rewards for a simple exchange task. However, other factors may affect the willingness of a monkey to consume foods of high or low value in the presence of a conspecific. In this study, pairs of monkeys were presented with unequally valued foods, but without any task-performance: they simply received the food under four experimental conditions. By looking at the rate of collection and consumption of low-valued cucumber slices we expected to see variation dependent on whether the partner either had 1) cucumber (equity), 2) grape (inequity), 3) inaccessible cucumber or 4) inaccessible grape. Testing 12 adult capuchin monkeys, our findings differed from those of other authors in that the monkeys failed to show negative reactions to inequity, but rather responded with scramble competition (i.e., fast food collection) in the presence of a conspecific without access to food. They also showed facilitated consumption in the presence of a conspecific consuming high-valued food. Possibly, (in)equity plays a different role if food serves as a reward for a task rather than if it is simply made available for consumption. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1-9, 2007. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:17146793 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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158 |
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Seed, A.M.; Clayton, N.S.; Emery, N.J. |
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Postconflict third-party affiliation in rooks, Corvus frugilegus |
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2007 |
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Current biology : CB |
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Curr Biol |
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17 |
Issue |
2 |
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152-158 |
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Conflict features in the lives of many animal species and induces social stress mediated by glucocorticoid hormones [1]. Postconflict affiliation, between former opponents (reconciliation) or between former opponents and a bystander (third-party affiliation), has been suggested as a behavioral mechanism for reducing such stress [2], but has been studied almost exclusively in primates [3]. As with many primates, several bird species live in social groups and form affiliative relationships [4]. Do these distantly related animals also use affiliative behavior to offset the costs of conflict? We studied postconflict affiliation in a captive group of rooks. Unlike polygamous primates, monogamous rooks did not reconcile with former opponents. However, we found clear evidence of third-party affiliation after conflicts. Both initiators and targets of aggression engaged in third-party affiliation with a social partner and employed a specific behavior, bill twining, during the postconflict period. Both former aggressors and uninvolved third parties initiated affiliative contacts. Despite the long history of evolutionary divergence, the pattern of third-party affiliation in rooks is strikingly similar to that observed in tolerant primate species. Furthermore, the absence of reconciliation in rooks makes sense in light of the species differences in social systems. |
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Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom |
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0960-9822 |
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PMID:17240341 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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534 |
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Hall, C. |
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The impact of visual perception on equine learning |
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2007 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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76 |
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29-33 |
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619 |
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Ninomiya, S. |
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Social leaning and stereotypy in horses |
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2007 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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76 |
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22-23 |
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