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Potì , P.; Bartolommei, P.; Saporiti, M. |
Title |
Landmark Use by Cebus apella |
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2005 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
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Int. J. Primatol. |
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26 |
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921-948 |
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3508 |
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J. David Smith; David A. Washburn |
Title |
Uncertainty Monitoring and Metacognition by Animals |
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Year |
2005 |
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Current Directions in Psychological Science |
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Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. |
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14 |
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19-24 |
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3511 |
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Gerber, B.; Hendel, T. |
Title |
Outcome expectations drive learned behaviour in larval Drosophila |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
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273 |
Issue |
1604 |
Pages |
2965-2968 |
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Why does Pavlov's dog salivate? In response to the tone, or in expectation of food? While in vertebrates behaviour can be driven by expected outcomes, it is unknown whether this is true for non-vertebrates as well. We find that, in the Drosophila larva, odour memories are expressed behaviourally only if animals can expect a positive outcome from doing so. The expected outcome of tracking down an odour is determined by comparing the value of the current situation with the value of the memory for that odour. Memory is expressed behaviourally only if the expected outcome is positive. This uncovers a hitherto unrecognized evaluative processing step between an activated memory trace and behaviour control, and argues that learned behaviour reflects the pursuit of its expected outcome. Shown in a system with a simple brain, an apparently cognitive process like representing the expected outcome of behaviour seems to be a basic feature of behaviour control. |
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3525 |
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Hunt, G.R.; Gray, R.D. |
Title |
The crafting of hook tools by wild New Caledonian crows |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
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271 |
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S88-S90 |
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The 'crafting' of tools involves (i) selection of appropriate raw material, (ii) preparatory trimming and (iii) fine, three-dimensional sculpting. Its evolution is technologically important because it allows the open-ended development of tools. New Caledonian crows manufacture an impressive range of stick and leaf tools. We previously reported that their toolkit included hooked implements made from leafy twigs, although their manufacture had never been closely observed. We describe the manufacture of 10 hooked-twig tools by an adult crow and its dependent juvenile. To make all 10 tools, the crows carried out a relatively invariant three-step sequence of complex manipulations that involved (i) the selection of raw material, (ii) trimming and (iii) a lengthy sculpting of the hook. Hooked-twig manufacture contrasts with the lack of sculpting in the making of wooden tools by other non-humans such as chimpanzees and woodpecker finches. This fine, three-stage crafting process removes another alleged difference between humans and other animals. |
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3526 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
Title |
Culture in great apes: using intricate complexity in feeding skills to trace the evolutionary origin of human technical prowess |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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362 |
Issue |
1480 |
Pages |
577-585 |
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Geographical cataloguing of traits, as used in human ethnography, has led to the description of “culture” in some non-human great apes. Culture, in these terms, is detected as a pattern of local ignorance resulting from environmental constraints on knowledge transmission. However, in many cases, the geographical variations may alternatively be explained by ecology. Social transmission of information can reliably be identified in many other animal species, by experiment or distinctive patterns in distribution; but the excitement of detecting culture in great apes derives from the possibility of understanding the evolution of cumulative technological culture in humans. Given this interest, I argue that great ape research should concentrate on technically complex behaviour patterns that are ubiquitous within a local population; in these cases, a wholly non-social ontogeny is highly unlikely. From this perspective, cultural transmission has an important role in the elaborate feeding skills of all species of great ape, in conveying the “gist” or organization of skills. In contrast, social learning is unlikely to be responsible for local stylistic differences, which are apt to reflect sensitive adaptations to ecology. |
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3527 |
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Emery, N.J.; Seed, A.M.; von Bayern, A.M.P.; Clayton, N.S. |
Title |
Cognitive adaptations of social bonding in birds |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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362 |
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1480 |
Pages |
489-505 |
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The “social intelligence hypothesis” was originally conceived to explain how primates may have evolved their superior intellect and large brains when compared with other animals. Although some birds such as corvids may be intellectually comparable to apes, the same relationship between sociality and brain size seen in primates has not been found for birds, possibly suggesting a role for other non-social factors. But bird sociality is different from primate sociality. Most monkeys and apes form stable groups, whereas most birds are monogamous, and only form large flocks outside of the breeding season. Some birds form lifelong pair bonds and these species tend to have the largest brains relative to body size. Some of these species are known for their intellectual abilities (e.g. corvids and parrots), while others are not (e.g. geese and albatrosses). Although socio-ecological factors may explain some of the differences in brain size and intelligence between corvids/parrots and geese/albatrosses, we predict that the type and quality of the bonded relationship is also critical. Indeed, we present empirical evidence that rook and jackdaw partnerships resemble primate and dolphin alliances. Although social interactions within a pair may seem simple on the surface, we argue that cognition may play an important role in the maintenance of long-term relationships, something we name as “relationship intelligence”. |
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3528 |
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Author |
Mithen, S. |
Title |
Did farming arise from a misapplication of social intelligence? |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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362 |
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1480 |
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705-718 |
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The origins of farming is the defining event of human history – the one turning point that has resulted in modern humans having a quite different type of lifestyle and cognition to all other animals and past types of humans. With the economic basis provided by farming, human individuals and societies have developed types of material culture that greatly augment powers of memory and computation, extending the human mental capacity far beyond that which the brain alone can provide. Archaeologists have long debated and discussed why people began living in settled communities and became dependent on cultivated plants and animals, which soon evolved into domesticated forms. One of the most intriguing explanations was proposed more than 20 years ago not by an archaeologist but by a psychologist: Nicholas Humphrey suggested that farming arose from the “misapplication of social intelligence”. I explore this idea in relation to recent discoveries and archaeological interpretations in the Near East, arguing that social intelligence has indeed played a key role in the origin of farming and hence the emergence of the modern world. |
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3529 |
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Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J. |
Title |
Selective grazing behaviour in horses: development of methodology and preliminary use of tests to measure individual grazing ability |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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30 |
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3-4 |
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203-221 |
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Methods are described to assess horses' selective grazing ability that includes choosing, sorting and the adaptive value of this behaviour. Choosing ability was tested by the experimenter presenting pairs of cut plant species that were then alternated at each presentation until the test horse had taken three bites of one of the plant pair. The results were analysed in relation to five measures of choosing behaviour: (1) the strength of the choice; (2) correspondence between first bite and the final choice; (3) constancy of the choice over a number of trials; (4) the comparison of the horses' ranking of the species over a number of trials; (5) the constancy of the linear arrangement of the plants over a number of trials. Sorting ability was tested using two methods. A mixture of two plant species was presented either in a clamp or loose in a trough. Results were based on number and weight of plant residues. The adaptive value of the behaviour related to the bitterness of toxic plants. This bitterness was represented in testing by quinine sulphate and a poisonous Senecio species. An extremely bitter substance “Bitrex” was also used in this context but was totally accepted by the horses. The horses' reactions to these substances were monitored using a behavioural score chart. The results from 12 horses revealed that the horses differed individually in their grazing ability. On this basis, the horses were classified as efficient, semi-efficient, or inefficient grazers. This finding has practical implications in deciding which horses may safely graze on pastures infested with toxic plants. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4230 |
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Gough, M.R. |
Title |
A note on the use of behavioural modification to aid clipping ponies |
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1999 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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63 |
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2 |
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171-175 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 3; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4518 |
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Churcher, C. S. |
Title |
Oldest Ass Recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the Origin of Asses |
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1982 |
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Journal of Paleontology |
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J. Paleontol. |
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56 |
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1124-1132 |
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An isolated right metatarsal III from an adult small monodactyl equid was recovered in situ from the middle of Bed II at Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck Korongo, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1963. Interosseous contacts for splint metatarsals II and IV are less evident than in any modern comparative Equus metapodials in Leiden, Holland, London, England or in the field in Africa: horses (E. caballus), zebras (E. burchellii, E. grevyi, E. quagga) and asses (E. a. asinus, E. a. africanus), of which the horses and asses were domesticates. The specimen is provisionally assigned to Equus (Asinus) asinus. The estimated height at the shoulders is less than a meter for the animal in life, comparable to a small donkey. |
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