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Doucette, T. A., Ryan, C. L., & Tasker, R. A. (2007). Gender-based changes in cognition and emotionality in a new rat model of epilepsy. Amino Acids, 32, 317–322.
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Bizot J.-C., & Thiebot M.-H. (1996). Impulsivity as a confounding factor in certain animal tests of cognitive function. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 243–250.
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Weed M.R., Taffe M.A., Polis I., Roberts A.C., Robbins T.W., Koob G.F., et al. (1999). Performance norms for a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery: acquisition and long-term performance. Cognitive Brain Research, 8, 185–201.
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Quinn P.C., Eimas P.D., & Tarr M.J. (2001). Perceptual Categorization of Cat and Dog Silhouettes by 3- to 4-Month-Old Infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 79, 78–94.
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Tavares M.C.H., & Tomaz C. (2002). Working memory in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav. Brain. Res., 131, 131–137.
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Held, S., Mendl, M., Devereux, C., & Byrne, R. W. (2001). Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs. Animal Welfare, 10, 209–217.
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Evans, C. S., & Evans, L. (2007). Representational signalling in birds. Biology Letters, 3(1), 8–11.
Abstract: Some animals give specific calls when they discover food or detect a particular type of predator. Companions respond with food-searching behaviour or by adopting appropriate escape responses. These signals thus seem to denote objects in the environment, but this specific mechanism has only been demonstrated for monkey alarm calls. We manipulated whether fowl (Gallus gallus) had recently found a small quantity of preferred food and then tested for a specific interaction between this event and their subsequent response to playback of food calls. In one treatment, food calls thus potentially provided information about the immediate environment, while in the other the putative message was redundant with individual experience. Food calls evoked substrate searching, but only if the hens had not recently discovered food. An identical manipulation had no effect on responses to an acoustically matched control call. These results show that chicken food calls are representational signals: they stimulate retrieval of information about a class of external events. This is the first such demonstration for any non-primate species. Representational signalling is hence more taxonomically widespread than has previously been thought, suggesting that it may be the product of common social factors, rather than an attribute of a particular phylogenetic lineage.
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Rescorla, R. A., & Holland, P. C. (1982). Behavioral Studies of Associative Learning in Animals. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 265–308.
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Kamil, A. C., & Roitblat, H. L. (1985). The Ecology of Foraging Behavior: Implications for Animal Learning and Memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 141–169.
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Bobbert, M. F., Alvarez, C. B. G., van Weeren, P. R., Roepstorff, L., & Weishaupt, M. A. (2007). Validation of vertical ground reaction forces on individual limbs calculated from kinematics of horse locomotion. J Exp Biol, 210(Pt 11), 1885–1896.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether individual limb forces could be calculated accurately from kinematics of trotting and walking horses. We collected kinematic data and measured vertical ground reaction forces on the individual limbs of seven Warmblood dressage horses, trotting at 3.4 m s(-1) and walking at 1.6 m s(-1) on a treadmill. First, using a segmental model, we calculated from kinematics the total ground reaction force vector and its moment arm relative to each of the hoofs. Second, for phases in which the body was supported by only two limbs, we calculated the individual reaction forces on these limbs. Third, we assumed that the distal limbs operated as linear springs, and determined their force-length relationships using calculated individual limb forces at trot. Finally, we calculated individual limb force-time histories from distal limb lengths. A good correspondence was obtained between calculated and measured individual limb forces. At trot, the average peak vertical reaction force on the forelimb was calculated to be 11.5+/-0.9 N kg(-1) and measured to be 11.7+/-0.9 N kg(-1), and for the hindlimb these values were 9.8+/-0.7 N kg(-1) and 10.0+/-0.6 N kg(-1), respectively. At walk, the average peak vertical reaction force on the forelimb was calculated to be 6.9+/-0.5 N kg(-1) and measured to be 7.1+/-0.3 N kg(-1), and for the hindlimb these values were 4.8+/-0.5 N kg(-1) and 4.7+/-0.3 N kg(-1), respectively. It was concluded that the proposed method of calculating individual limb reaction forces is sufficiently accurate to detect changes in loading reported in the literature for mild to moderate lameness at trot.
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