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| Author | Nicol, C.J.; Pope, S.J. | ||||
| Title | The effects of demonstrator social status and prior foraging success on social learning in laying hens | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 163-171 |
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| Abstract | Opportunities for social learning within a group of animals are likely to be influenced by the social dynamics of that group. Some individuals may be more influential demonstrators than others even when there are no differences in their skill level or performance. In this study of domestic hens,Gallus gallus domesticus, differences in demonstrator salience were examined. From 24 separate flocks we selected as demonstrators a dominant cockerel, a dominant hen, a mid-ranking hen or a subordinate hen. Demonstrators were pretrained to perform an operant discrimination task to obtain food. Six observers from each flock individually watched the demonstrator perform the task for four 5-min sessions held on consecutive days. On the fifth day observers were tested individually in the operant chamber. We analysed data from 19 flocks, where there were no quantitative differences in demonstrator performance. Observer hens of relatively high social status performed more correct operant pecks than observer hens of relatively low social status. Demonstrator category also had a significant effect on subsequent observer behaviour. Hens that had observed cockerels performed very few general pecks or operant pecks. Hens that had observed dominant hens performed more operant pecks, but hens that had observed sub-ordinate hens performed more general pecks in the chamber. The results suggested either that there was an interaction between dominance and gender in demonstrator salience or that dominant hens might have been influential because of some factor imperfectly associated with their dominance status. A possible candidate was the foraging ability of the dominant hens. In a second experiment using the same protocol, we manipulated the prior foraging success of dominant hens from four additional flocks but this had no significant effect on their subsequent influence as demonstrators. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 715 | ||
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| Author | Castles, D.L.; Whiten, A.; Aureli, F. | ||||
| Title | Social anxiety, relationships and self-directed behaviour among wild female olive baboons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1207-1215 |
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| Abstract | Self-directed behaviour (SDB) can be used as a behavioural indicator of stress and anxiety in nonhuman primates (Maestripieri et al. 1992, Animal Behaviour, 44, 967-979). We investigated the effect of nearest neighbours' relative dominance status on the SDB of sexually mature female olive baboons, Papio anubis. When the animal nearest to (within 5 m of) a female was a dominant individual, SDB rates (a combined measure of self-scratching, self-grooming, self-touching, body shaking and yawning) increased by ca. 40% over those observed when the nearest neighbour was a subordinate. The results indicate that (1) SDB can be used as a measure of uncertainty during the social interactions of cercopithecine primates and (2) as there was considerable variation in SDB response according to the nature of the dominant individual, SDB can be used to assess relationship security (i.e. the perceived predictability of a relationship for one partner). Finally, in combination with measures of affiliation rate, SDB may provide insight into relationship value. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 745 | ||
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| Author | Sayigh, L.S.; Tyack, P.L.; Wells, R.S.; Solow, A.R.; Scott, M.D.; Irvine, A.B. | ||||
| Title | Individual recognition in wild bottlenose dolphins: a field test using playback experiments | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 41-50 |
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| Abstract | We conducted playback experiments with wild bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, to determine whether there is sufficient information in their individually distinctive signature whistles for individual recognition. We conducted experiments with members of a resident community of dolphins in waters near Sarasota, Florida, during temporary capture-release projects. We used a paired playback design, wherein the same two whistle sequences were predicted to evoke opposite responses from two different target animals. This design controlled for any unknown cues that may have been present in the playback stimuli. We predicted that mothers would respond more strongly to the whistles of their own independent offspring than to the whistles of a familiar, similar-aged nonoffspring. Similarly, we predicted that independent offspring would respond more strongly to the whistles of their own mother than to the whistles of a familiar, similar-aged female. Target animals were significantly (P<0.02) more likely to respond to the predicted stimuli, with responses measured by the number of head turns towards the playback speaker. In bottlenose dolphin societies, stable, individual-specific relationships are intermixed with fluid patterns of association between individuals. In primate species that live in similar 'fission-fusion' type societies, individual recognition is commonplace. Thus, when taken in the context of what is known about the social structure and behaviour of bottlenose dolphins, these playback experiments suggest that signature whistles are used for individual recognition. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Marine Science Research, University of North Carolina at Wilmington | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10053070 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 767 | ||
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| Author | C. K. Hemelrijk, | ||||
| Title | An individual-orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 266 | Issue | 1417 | Pages | 361-361 |
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| Abstract | Single behavioural differences between egalitarian and despotic animal societies are often assumed to reflect specific adaptations. However, in the present paper, I will show in an individual-orientated model, how many behavioural traits of egalitarian and despotic virtual societies arise as emergent characteristics. The artificial entities live in a homogeneous world and only aggregate, and upon meeting one another and may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. The behaviour of these entities is studied in a similar way to that of real animals. It will be shown that by varying the intensity of aggression only, one may switch from egalitarian to despotic virtual societies. Differences between the two types of society appear to correspond closely to those between despotic and egalitarian macaque species in the real world. In addition, artificial despotic societies show a clearer spatial centrality of dominants and, counter-intuitively, more rank overlap between the sexes than the egalitarian ones. Because of the correspondence with patterns in real animals, the model makes it worthwhile comparing despotic and egalitarian species for socio-spatial structure and rank overlap too. Furthermore, it presents us with parsimonious hypotheses which can be tested in real animals for patterns of aggression, spatial structure and the distribution of social positive and sexual behaviour. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 862 | ||
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| Author | Hsu, Y.; Wolf, L.L. | ||||
| Title | The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 903-910 |
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| Abstract | An important question in state-dependent behaviour is how multiple influences on state are integrated to determine current behaviour. Aggressive behaviour is known to be affected by a prior contest experience. Nevertheless, whether and how multiple prior fighting experiences are integrated into a fighting decision remain unexplored. In this study, individuals ofRivulus marmoratus(Cyprinodontidae), a hermaphroditic fish, were given different combinations of two prior fighting experiences to investigate: (1) the effect of penultimate experiences on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) the relative effect of a recent win and loss; and (3) whether the effect of a winning experience was as short lived as observed in other species. Penultimate and recent fighting experiences were given to the test fish approximately 48 and 24 h prior to the dyadic contests, respectively. From the results of the five types of contests staged, we conclude that: (1) penultimate fighting experiences had a significant effect on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) a more recent experience had a more pronounced effect than an earlier experience, which suggested that the effect of a fighting experience would decay and/or the effect of a recent experience would interfere with the effect of an earlier experience; (3) no asymmetric effect between a winning experience and a losing experience was detected; and (4) the effect of both a winning and a losing experience lasted for at least 48 h inR. marmoratuswhich was the maximum time tested in these experiments. The possible reasons for the differences in results among studies of experience effects on contest outcomes are discussed. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 865 | ||
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| Author | Bonabeau, E.; Theraulaz, G.; Deneubourg, J-L. | ||||
| Title | Dominance orders in animal societies: the selforganization | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Bull Math Biol |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 727-757 |
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| Abstract | In previous papers (Theraulaz et al. 1995, Bonabeau et al. 1996) we suggested, following Hogeweg and Hesper (1983, 1985), that the formation of dominance orders in animal societies could result from a selforganizing process involving a double reinforcement mechanism: winners reinforce their probability of winning and losers reinforce their probability of losing. This assumption, and subsequent models, were based on empirical data on primitively eusocial wasps (Polistes dominulus). By... | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2172 | ||
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| Author | Walker, E.P.; Nowak, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Walker's Mammals of the World | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | Description From reviews of previous editions: “Professional naturalists will find [these volumes] invaluable as a handy reference, and amateurs at least those citizens alive to their earthly environment should delight in finding so much fascinating information made so available and palatable. Audubon ”What an amazing lot mammals are, seen here in all of their diversity! . . . Walker has made available a mine of information, for the specialist as well as for the casually interested . . . If you want to find out about a mammal, then, here is the place to look.“New York Times ”Every mammalogist must have [these books], and those who profess a broad interest in the fauna of the world will want them.“Natural History From aardwolves and bandicoots to yapoks and zorillas, Ernest P. Walker's Mammals of the World is the most comprehensive the pre-eminent reference work on mammals. Now, completely revised and updated, this fascinating guide is better than ever. Providing a complete account of every genus of mammal in all historical time, the sixth edition is 25 percent longer than its predecessor. Of the previous generic accounts, 95 percent have been substantively modified, and there are 80 new ones among them, three remarkable, large ungulates recently discovered in the forests of Indochina. New also is a full account of the woolly mammoth, now known to have survived until less than 4,000 years ago. Each section of the book describes one genus and includes facts such as scientific and common names, the number and distribution of species, measurements and physical traits, habitat, locomotion, daily and seasonal activity, population dynamics, home range, social life, reproduction, and longevity. Textual summaries present accurate, well-documented descriptions of the physical characteristics and living habits of mammals in every part of the world. As in the last two editions, the names and distributions of every species of every genus are listed in systematic order. These lists have now been cross-checked to ensure coverage of all species in the comprehensive new Smithsonian guide, Mammal Species of the World. Facts on the biology of mammals have been brought together from more than 2,700 newly cited references, nearly all published in the last decade. Also new are the latest data on reproduction, longevity, fur harvests, numbers in the wild and in captivity, and conservation status. The sixth edition also records all official classifications of every mammal species and subspecies in the massive 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. The illustrations more than 1,700 include virtually every genus of mammal. Among them are pictures by such noted wildlife photographers as Leonard Lee Rue III, Bernhard Grzimek, David Pye, and Warren T. Houck. Mammals pictured here for the first time include the just-discovered giant muntjac deer of Viet Nam, a rodent known only from the Solomon Islands, a large fruit bat whose male suckles the young, and an extremely rare web-footed tenrec of Madagascar. Since its publication in 1964, Walker's Mammals of the World has become a favorite guide to the natural world for general readers as well as an invaluable resource for professionals. This sixth edition represents more than half a century of scholarship? Ernest P. Walker himself devoted more than thirty years to the original project and remains true to Walker's vision, smoothly combining thorough scholarship with a popular, readable style to preserve and enhance what the Washington Post called ”a landmark of zoological literature.“ Reviews ”“An absolute treasure trove--a 'must' for the working naturalist as well as for any person who has curiosity about the world's mammals.”Roger Tory Peterson.“? ”Unlike many academic reference works, all editions [Walker's Mammals], the new one included, are as accessible to amateurs as to professionals . . . For wildlife enthusiasts, this two-volume set is an indispensable resource. The new edition not only updates taxonomic information generated in the last 10 years, it pushes back the historical record, including all mammals known to have existed in the past 5,000 years. Twenty-one new genera also appear, animals that have recently been discovered. Either volume is hefty enough to kill a small mammal if dropped there's a total of 2,160 pages . . . And despite almost a decade between editions the last edition appeared in 1991 the price has remained virtually the same, despite an increase in book size of more than 20 percent. After being exposed to this kind of thorough, detailed information saturation, many readers may find it hard to go back to a plain old encyclopedia for their animal questions.“Bloomsbury Review ”For anyone who needs an up-to-date, comprehensive guide to every known species of mammal, Walker's Mammals of the World is an essential purchase.“Nicholas Gould, International Zoo News ”A massive compilation ideal for readers who want to have at their fingertips information on every mammal species."International Zoo News Author Information Ernest P. Walker (1891-1969) began work on Mammals of the World in the early 1930s, when he became assistant director of the National Zoo in Washington. His work reflected an unequaled store of knowledge about the world's mammals. Ronald M. Nowak was senior author of the fourth edition and author of the fifth edition of Walker's Mammals of the World. His other works on mammalogy include North American Quaternary Canis and several parts of the National Geographic Society's Wild Animals of North America, for which he also was editorial consultant. He received a Ph.D. in biology from the University of Kansas in 1973 and was staff mammalogist at the former Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, from 1974 to 1987. He served as an Air Force officer for four years and is a private pilot. |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-0-8018-5789-8 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1688 | |||
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| Author | Campbell, F.M.; Heyes, C.M.; Goldsmith, A.R. | ||||
| Title | Stimulus learning and response learning by observation in the European starling, in a two-object/two-action test | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 151-158 |
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| Abstract | Juvenile European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris , were allowed to observe a conspecific demonstrator using its beak to remove one of two distinctively coloured objects (i.e. a red or a black plug) from a hole in the lid of a plastic box. Both plugs could be removed by either pulling up on a loop of string inserted through the centre of the plug, or pushing down on the plug. When subsequently allowed access to the plugs, and rewarded with food for all removal responses, regardless of the object to which they were made and their direction, observer birds removed the same plug in the same direction as their demonstrator. These results suggest that the two-object/two-action paradigm is a valuable procedure for testing for the simultaneous effects of learning about a stimulus and a response, an object and an action, through conspecific observation. | ||||
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| Call Number | Serial | 2088 | |||
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| Author | Drea, C.M.; Wallen, K. | ||||
| Title | Low-status monkeys “play dumb” when learning in mixed social groups | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 96 | Issue | 22 | Pages | 12965-12969 |
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| Abstract | Many primates, including humans, live in complex hierarchical societies where social context and status affect daily life. Nevertheless, primate learning studies typically test single animals in limited laboratory settings where the important effects of social interactions and relationships cannot be studied. To investigate the impact of sociality on associative learning, we compared the individual performances of group-tested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across various social contexts. We used a traditional discrimination paradigm that measures an animal's ability to form associations between cues and the obtaining of food in choice situations; but we adapted the task for group testing. After training a 55-member colony to separate on command into two subgroups, composed of either high- or low-status families, we exposed animals to two color discrimination problems, one with all monkeys present (combined condition), the other in their “dominant” and “subordinate” cohorts (split condition). Next, we manipulated learning history by testing animals on the same problems, but with the social contexts reversed. Monkeys from dominant families excelled in all conditions, but subordinates performed well in the split condition only, regardless of learning history. Subordinate animals had learned the associations, but expressed their knowledge only when segregated from higher-ranking animals. Because aggressive behavior was rare, performance deficits probably reflected voluntary inhibition. This experimental evidence of rank-related, social modulation of performance calls for greater consideration of social factors when assessing learning and may also have relevance for the evaluation of human scholastic achievement. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12965 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2093 | |||
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| Author | Laland, K.N.; Reader, S.M. | ||||
| Title | Foraging innovation in the guppy | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 331-340 |
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| Abstract | When novel behaviour patterns spread through animal populations, typically one animal will initiate the diffusion. It is not known whether such 'innovators' are particularly creative individuals, individuals exposed to the appropriate environmental contingencies, or individuals in a particular motivational state. We describe three experiments that investigated the factors influencing foraging innovation in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. We exposed small laboratory populations of fish to novel foraging tasks, which involved exploration and problem solving to locate a novel food source. Experiments 1 and 2 found that (1) females were more likely to innovate than males, (2) food-deprived fish were more likely to innovate than nonfood-deprived subjects, and (3) smaller fish were more likely to innovate than larger fish. We suggest that the sex difference may reflect parental investment asymmetries in males and females. Experiment 3 found that past innovators were more likely to innovate than past noninnovators. Collectively, the results suggest that differences in foraging innovation in guppies are best accounted for by differences in motivational state, but, in addition, guppies may vary in their predisposition to innovate. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10049472 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2151 | |||
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