| Records |
| Author |
Keiper Rr, |
| Title |
Population dynamics of feral ponies. |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids |
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Issue |
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Pages |
175-184 |
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Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids |
Place of Publication |
Laramie |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1252 |
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| Author |
Klingel H, |
| Title |
A Comparison of the Social Organization of the Equids. in Denniston RH (ed) |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of Wild and Feral Equids, Laramie 1979 |
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Pages |
23-30 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1315 |
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| Author |
Ruffner Ga, C.S. |
| Title |
Age structure, condition, and reproduction of two burro (Equus asinus) populations from Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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Issue |
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Pages |
235 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1534 |
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| Author |
Schilder, M.B. H. |
| Title |
Interventions in a herd of semi – captive Plains zebras |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
53-83 |
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| Abstract |
n a herd of semi-captive plains zebras interventions, which occurred within the harems, were investigated in order to answer the question why zebras interfered. These interventions are of interest because they regulate the contacts between companions and because, as corrective and preventive measures, they reveal the normative principles underlying the behaviours by which animals structure their social environment. An attempt was made to deduce 1) the internal norms of the interferer; 2) his short term aims; 3) his tactis and 4) his perception of the social environment. The analysis revealed that in the case of an affiliative interaction foals, yearlings and adult mares started to interfere if a friend had an affiliative contact with another zebra. In view of the interferer's behaviours it was concluded that their aim was to break off the ongoing interaction and that zebras tended to protect friendship bonds. Foals and yearlings further interfered if their mother was being threatened, attacked or sexually approached by a stallion. In view of the interferer's behaviours its aim was to prevent iminent interactions or to break off ongoing interactions. This suggests that these interventions were of a protective nature. The interferer's behaviours in both contexts ware very much alike. Mares tended to interfere if their foal/yearling or adult daughter was threathened or aggressed or if a mare friend was being sexually approached by a stallion. This type of intervention was of a protective nature. Stallions in a multi male harem showed a high tendency to interfere in courtship interactions. From the resemblance between interventions in courtship and in aggressive interactions it is concluded that, at leat in a number of cases, the individuals have perceived courtship behaviour by the stallion as a threat towards the mare involved. |
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no |
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Serial |
1565 |
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| Author |
Waring Gh, |
| Title |
Behavioral adaptation as a factor in management of feral equids |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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Pages |
85-92 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1697 |
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| Author |
Wolfe Ml, |
| Title |
Feral horse demography: A preliminary report (Abstract) |
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Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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Pages |
173-174 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1715 |
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| Author |
Wolfe Ml, |
| Title |
Population ecology of the kulan |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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Pages |
205-218 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1716 |
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| Author |
Woodward Sl, |
| Title |
Population dynamics of a herd of feral burros (Abstract) |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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Pages |
219-220 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1719 |
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| Author |
Zervanos Sm, K.R. |
| Title |
Seasonal home ranges and activity patterns of feral assateague island ponies |
Type |
Conference Volume |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie |
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Pages |
3-14 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1753 |
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| Author |
Sharon, L.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
| Title |
Sexual behavior of mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm Behav |
| Volume |
52 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
12-17 |
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The mare is seasonally polyestrus, having an anovulatory period during the short light days of late fall and early winter, and beginning to ovulate as the days become longer during the winter. The complete estrus cycle is typically about 3 weeks, with 5 to 7 days of estrus and approximately 2 weeks of diestrus. When a mare lives within the natural social structure of the horse, i.e. a family band with several adult mares and one or more stallions, estrus is characterized by repeatedly approaching the stallion, frequent urination, deviating the tail away from the perineum, and standing still with the hind limbs spread apart. Diestrus is characterized by avoidance of an approaching stallion, and aggression toward the stallion, such as squealing, striking, and kicking, if he persists in attempting to court the diestrus mare. However, mares and stallions with long-term social relationships will often rest together, graze together and groom each other, all without sexual interactions. Hormonally, estrous behavior in the mare is initiated by estradiol that is secreted by the follicle, while estrous behavior is suppressed by progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum. Mares are unusual among the ungulates in that they periodically exhibit estrous behavior during the anovulatory period. This is probably due to the release of estrogenic steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex. The display of sexual behavior by the mare throughout the year is thought to facilitate maintenance of the horse's social structure, in which the male remains with a group of females year round, in contrast with most ungulates in which the females and males only come together during the mating season. |
| Address |
Department of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA |
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English |
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0018-506X |
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| Notes |
PMID:17488645 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1969 |
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