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Author Alexander, F. openurl 
  Title The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1977 Publication British journal of pharmacology Abbreviated Journal Br J Pharmacol  
  Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages 589-593  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Body Water/*metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Electrolytes/*metabolism; Feces/*analysis; Furosemide/*pharmacology; Horses; Hydrochlorothiazide/*pharmacology; Male; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Time Factors  
  Abstract 1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide increased the intestinal transit time of both liquid (polyethylene glycol) and particulate (Cr2O3) markers.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0007-1188 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:907872 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 111  
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Author Macfadden, B.J. doi  openurl
  Title Evolution. Fossil horses--evidence for evolution Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 307 Issue 5716 Pages 1728-1730  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Body Size; DNA, Mitochondrial; Diet; *Equidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics; *Evolution; Feeding Behavior; *Fossils; *Horses/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics; Paleodontology; Phylogeny; Time; Tooth/anatomy & histology  
  Abstract  
  Address Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. bmacfadd@flmnh.ufl.edu  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1095-9203 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15774746 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1892  
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Author McCutcheon, L.J.; Geor, R.J. openurl 
  Title Influence of training on sweating responses during submaximal exercise in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol  
  Volume 89 Issue 6 Pages 2463-2471  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Body Fluids/metabolism; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Environment; Female; Horses/*physiology; Ions; Male; Motor Activity/*physiology; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology; Sweat/chemistry; Sweating/*physiology; Time Factors  
  Abstract Sweating responses were examined in five horses during a standardized exercise test (SET) in hot conditions (32-34 degrees C, 45-55% relative humidity) during 8 wk of exercise training (5 days/wk) in moderate conditions (19-21 degrees C, 45-55% relative humidity). SETs consisting of 7 km at 50% maximal O(2) consumption, determined 1 wk before training day (TD) 0, were completed on a treadmill set at a 6 degrees incline on TD0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Mean maximal O(2) consumption, measured 2 days before each SET, increased 19% [TD0 to 42: 135 +/- 5 (SE) to 161 +/- 4 ml. kg(-1). min(-1)]. Peak sweating rate (SR) during exercise increased on TD14, 28, 42, and 56 compared with TD0, whereas SRs and sweat losses in recovery decreased by TD28. By TD56, end-exercise rectal and pulmonary artery temperature decreased by 0.9 +/- 0.1 and 1.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C, respectively, and mean change in body mass during the SET decreased by 23% (TD0: 10.1 +/- 0.9; TD56: 7.7 +/- 0.3 kg). Sweat Na(+) concentration during exercise decreased, whereas sweat K(+) concentration increased, and values for Cl(-) concentration in sweat were unchanged. Moderate-intensity training in cool conditions resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in sweating sensitivity evident by 4 wk and a 0.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C decrease in sweating threshold after 8 wk during exercise in hot, dry conditions. Altered sweating responses contributed to improved heat dissipation during exercise and a lower end-exercise core temperature. Despite higher SRs for a given core temperature during exercise, decreases in recovery SRs result in an overall reduction in sweat fluid losses but no change in total sweat ion losses after training.  
  Address Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. jmccutch@uoguelph.ca  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 8750-7587 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:11090603 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1922  
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Author Sufit, E.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeting, M. openurl 
  Title Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 12-16  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Blood Proteins/analysis; Drinking Behavior/drug effects/*physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology; Thirst/drug effects/*physiology; Time Factors; Water Deprivation/physiology  
  Abstract The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period. In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 +/- 3 mmol/litre to 143 +/- 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 +/- 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 +/- 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 +/- 2 g/litre pre-injection to 75 +/- 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 +/- 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  
  Address  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:3979367 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 56  
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Author Trim, C.M.; Moore, J.N.; Clark, E.S. openurl 
  Title Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Equine veterinary journal. Supplement Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J Suppl  
  Volume Issue 7 Pages 124-128  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Creatinine/blood; Dopamine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary; Kidney/blood supply/*drug effects/physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium/blood; Random Allocation; Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/physiology; Renal Artery/drug effects/physiology/ultrasonography; Sodium/blood; Time Factors; Ultrasonography/methods/veterinary; Urination/physiology  
  Abstract An ultrasonic flow probe was implanted around a branch of the left renal artery in five horses. The effects of dopamine were studied in the unsedated horses 10 days after surgery. Three experiments, separated by at least two days, were performed in random order on each horse. In two experiments, dopamine was infused intravenously for 60 mins at either 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt)/min. Saline was infused for 60 mins before and after each infusion, and for 180 mins in the third experiment as a control. Renal blood flow increased during administration of dopamine at both dose rates (P = 0.0001). Urine volume increased (P = 0.055), and osmolality decreased (P < 0.05), with infusion of dopamine at 5.0 micrograms/kg bwt/min. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly affected. Fractional excretions of sodium and potassium were not significantly changed with dopamine infusion. The higher dopamine dose rate was accompanied by dysrhythmias in some horses.  
  Address Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA  
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  Notes PMID:9118094 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 99  
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Author Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. openurl 
  Title Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Abbreviated Journal J Vet Intern Med  
  Volume 10 Issue 6 Pages 401-404  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors  
  Abstract Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function.  
  Address Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0891-6640 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:8947873 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 97  
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Author Labruna, M.B.; Amaku, M. doi  openurl
  Title Rhythm of engorgement and detachment of Anocentor nitens females feeding on horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Veterinary Parasitology Abbreviated Journal Vet Parasitol  
  Volume 137 Issue 3-4 Pages 316-332  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Bites and Stings; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*parasitology; Ixodidae/*physiology; Seasons; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary; Time Factors  
  Abstract The present study evaluated the engorgement and drop-off rhythms of Anocentor nitens females feeding on horses. Drop-off rhythm was evaluated at 6h-intervals (06:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 00:00 h) on horses held in stalls or in a pasture. A new method of marking feeding female ticks (the bowknot technique) was developed to evaluate ticks on horses in pasture that attached to different parts of the horse's body. This technique was highly successful, indicating no significant interference on tick engorgement rate or final tick weight, length and reproductive capability. Horses held in the pasture during the summer produced only 28.2% of the tick detachment during the daylight period from 06:00 to 18:00 h. In contrast, 53.4% of the ticks detached during this same 12 h-period during the winter. This difference was probably related to the longer scotoperiod during the winter. Different drop-off rhythms were observed for females attached to different anatomical parts of the horse's body. For example, ticks attached to the ears, perineum, and tail showed similar drop-off patterns, but were different from ticks attached to mane, rump and other body parts. The idiosoma length of the feeding female ticks was individually measured every 6 h until the engorged female detached naturally. The engorgement rate (increase in millimeters of the body length per hour) was evaluated during the last 96 h of parasitism. The highest engorgement rates were observed during the last 24 h of parasitism (approximately 0.16 mm/h), which were four-fold higher than the engorgement rates of the previous 3 days ( approximately 0.04 mm/h), demonstrating that these lower and higher values corresponded to the slow and rapid feeding phases reported elsewhere. Based on these data, the 6 mm idiosoma length was estimated as the minimal length that would correspond to the time point (i.e. 24 h before detachment) during which ticks would undergo the rapid feeding phase and detach as fully engorged females. When this 6 mm length was tested to estimate the number of engorged females detaching from horses in a period of 24 h, the estimated accuracy varied from 58.5 to 97.7% (mean: 73.3%).  
  Address Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria Preventiva e Saude Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil. labruna@usp.br  
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  ISSN 0304-4017 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16481114 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1877  
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Author Krebs, J.R.; Clayton, N.S.; Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title Effects of photoperiod on food-storing and the hippocampus in birds Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Neuroreport Abbreviated Journal Neuroreport  
  Volume 6 Issue 12 Pages 1701-1704  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Birds; Eating/*physiology; Female; Hippocampus/*physiology; Light; Male; *Photoperiod; Seasons; Telencephalon/physiology; Time Factors  
  Abstract Birds that store food have a relatively large hippocampus compared to non-storing species. The hippocampus shows seasonal differences in neurogenesis and volume in black-capped chikadees (Parus atricapillus) taken from the wild at different times of year. We compared hippocampal volumes in black-capped chickadees captured at the same time but differing in food-storing behaviour because of manipulations of photoperiod in the laboratory. Differences in food-storing behaviour were not accompanied by differences in the volume of the hippocampus. Hippocampal volumes also did not differ between two groups of a non-food-storing control species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), exposed to the same conditions as the chickadees.  
  Address Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Oxford, UK  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0959-4965 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:8527745 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 378  
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Author Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. doi  openurl
  Title An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules Type Journal Article
  Year 1966 Publication Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav  
  Volume 9 Issue 4 Pages 305-315  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology)  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-5002 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:5961499 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 392  
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Author Bobbert, M.F.; Santamaria, S. doi  openurl
  Title Contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of the horse to mechanical energy changes in jumping Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication The Journal of Experimental Biology Abbreviated Journal J Exp Biol  
  Volume 208 Issue 2 Pages 249-260  
  Keywords (down) Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/*physiology; Hindlimb/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology; Time Factors  
  Abstract The purpose of the present study was to gain more insight into the contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of the horse to energy changes during the push-off for a jump. For this purpose, we collected kinematic data at 240 Hz from 23 5-year-old Warmbloods (average mass: 595 kg) performing free jumps over a 1.15 m high fence. From these data, we calculated the changes in mechanical energy and the changes in limb length and joint angles. The force carried by the forelimbs and the amount of energy stored was estimated from the distance between elbow and hoof, assuming that this part of the leg behaved as a linear spring. During the forelimb push, the total energy first decreased by 3.2 J kg(-1) and then increased again by 4.2 J kg(-1) to the end of the forelimb push. At the end of the forelimb push, the kinetic energy due to horizontal velocity of the centre of mass was 1.6 J kg(-1) less than at the start, while the effective energy (energy contributing to jump height) was 2.3 J kg(-1) greater. It was investigated to what extent these changes could involve passive spring-like behaviour of the forelimbs. The amount of energy stored and re-utilized in the distal tendons during the forelimb push was estimated to be on average 0.4 J kg(-1) in the trailing forelimb and 0.23 J kg(-1) in the leading forelimb. This means that a considerable amount of energy was first dissipated and subsequently regenerated by muscles, with triceps brachii probably being the most important contributor. During the hindlimb push, the muscles of the leg were primarily producing energy. The total increase in energy was 2.5 J kg(-1) and the peak power output amounted to 71 W kg(-1).  
  Address Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorstraat 9, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. MFBobbert@fbw.vu.nl  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-0949 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15634844 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1895  
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