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Schultz, W.; Dayan, P.; Montague, P.R. |
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Title |
A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward |
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1997 |
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Science |
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275 |
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5306 |
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1593-1599 |
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The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5749 |
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Author |
Kummer, H.; Goodall, J. |
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Title |
Conditions of Innovative Behaviour in Primates |
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Journal Article |
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1985 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences |
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308 |
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1135 |
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203-214 |
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Innovative behaviour achieved through exploration, learning and insight heavily depends on certain motivational, social and ecological conditions of short duration. We propose that more attention should be given to what these conditions are and where they are realized in natural groups of non-human primates. Only to the extent that such favourable conditions were frequently realized in a social structure or an extraspecific environment could selective pressures act on innovative abilities. There is hope that research into field conditions of innovative behaviour will help to identify its selectors in evolution. |
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10.1098/rstb.1985.0020 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5751 |
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Tang, A.C.; Reeb, B.C.; Romeo, R.D.; McEwen, B.S. |
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Title |
Modification of Social Memory, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, and Brain Asymmetry by Neonatal Novelty Exposure |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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The Journal of Neuroscience |
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23 |
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23 |
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8254-8260 |
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Although corticosterone (a stress hormone) is known to influence social behavior and memory processes, little has been explored concerning its modulatory role in social recognition. In rats, social recognition memory for conspecifics typically lasts <2 hr when evaluated using a habituation paradigm. Using neonatal novelty exposure, a brief and transient early life stimulation method known to produce long-lasting changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, we found that social recognition memory was prolonged to at least 24 hr during adulthood. This prolonged social memory was paralleled by a reduction in the basal blood concentration of corticosterone. The same neonatal stimulation also resulted in a functional asymmetry expressed as a greater right-turn preference in a novel environment. Rats that preferred to turn right showed better social recognition memory. These inter-related changes in basal blood corticosterone concentration, turning asymmetry, and social recognition memory suggest that stress hormones and brain asymmetry are likely candidates for modulating social memory. Furthermore, given that neonatal stimulation has been shown to improve learning and memory performance primarily under aversive learning situations, the neonatal novelty exposure-induced enhancement in social recognition broadens the impact of early life stimulation to include the social domain. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5754 |
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Author |
Tebbich, S.; Taborsky, M.; Fessl, B.; Blomqvist, D. |
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Title |
Do woodpecker finches acquire tool-use by social learning? |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |
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Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
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268 |
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1482 |
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2189-2193 |
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Tool–use is widespread among animals, but except in primates the development of this behaviour is poorly known. Here, we report on the first experimental study to our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of tool–use in a bird species. The woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida, endemic to the Galápagos Islands, is a famous textbook example of tool–use in animals. This species uses modified twigs or cactus spines to pry arthropods out of tree holes. Using nestlings and adult birds from the field, we tested experimentally whether woodpecker finches learn tool–use socially. We show that social learning is not essential for the development of tool–use: all juveniles developed tool–use regardless of whether or not they had a tool–using model. However, we found that not all adult woodpecker finches used tools in our experiments. These non–tool–using individuals also did not learn this task by observing tool–using conspecifics. Our results suggest that tool–use behaviour depends on a very specific learning disposition that involves trial–and–error learning during a sensitive phase early in ontogeny. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5914 |
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Place Holder Author |
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Conference Article |
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Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5767 |
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Author |
Kaplan, G. |
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Title |
Social animals and Communication, with special reference to horses |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Kaplan, G. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in prep |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5796 |
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Author |
Palme, R. |
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Title |
Non-invasive monitoring of stress hormones for welfare assessment in domestic and wild equids |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Stress responses play an important role in allowing animals to cope with challenges. Glucocorticoids, key elements in the neuroendocrine stress axis, are traditionally measured as a parameter for welfare assessment. As blood sample collection itself disturbs an animal, non-invasive or minimal invasive methods have gained importance for assessing stress. In horses saliva and faeces are most frequently used. Faecal samples offer the advantage that they can be collected easily and stress-free. In faecal samples circulating hormone levels are integrated over a certain period of time. As a consequence faecal glucocorticoid metabolites represent the cumulative secretion and they are less affected by short episodic fluctuations of hormone secretion.
However, in order to gain reliable information about an animal’s adrenocortical activity, certain criteria have to be met: Depending whether the impact of acute or chronic stressors is assessed, frequent sampling might be necessary whereas in other cases, single samples will suffice. Background knowledge regarding the metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids is essential and a careful validation is obligatory. In addition, this presentation will address analytical issues regarding sample storage, extraction procedures, and immunoassays and various examples of a successful application in equids will be given. Applied properly, non-invasive techniques to monitor stress hormones are a useful tool for animal welfare assessment. |
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Palme, R. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in prep |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5795 |
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Author |
Rubenstein, D. |
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Title |
Social Networks: Linking Form with Function in Equid Societies |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Animal societies develop from interactions and relationships that occur among individuals within populations. The fundamental tenet of behavioral ecology is that ecological factors shape behavior and determine the distribution and associations of individuals on landscapes. As a result, different social systems emerge in different habitats and under different environmental conditions. Since characterizing social systems depends on time and motion studies of individual actions and interactions that are often bilateral, such characterizations are often coarse-grained. If social relationships can be characterized using social networks, however, seemingly similar social organizations often reveal informative differences in terms of deep structure. Thus social network theory should be able to provide insights in to the connections between social form and function. This talk will explore how the network structures of horses, zebras and asses can provide novel insights into the functioning of animal societies with respect to the spread of memes, genes and diseases. |
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Rubenstein, D. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in prep |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5797 |
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Author |
Kaczensky, P. |
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Title |
Conservation of Asiatic wild asses |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Kaczensky, P. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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in prep |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5839 |
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Author |
McComb, K. |
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Title |
Social cognition and emotional awareness: studies on elephants and horses |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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McComb, K. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in prep |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5800 |
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