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Castles, D.L.; Whiten, A.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Social anxiety, relationships and self-directed behaviour among wild female olive baboons |
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1999 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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58 |
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6 |
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1207-1215 |
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Self-directed behaviour (SDB) can be used as a behavioural indicator of stress and anxiety in nonhuman primates (Maestripieri et al. 1992, Animal Behaviour, 44, 967-979). We investigated the effect of nearest neighbours' relative dominance status on the SDB of sexually mature female olive baboons, Papio anubis. When the animal nearest to (within 5 m of) a female was a dominant individual, SDB rates (a combined measure of self-scratching, self-grooming, self-touching, body shaking and yawning) increased by ca. 40% over those observed when the nearest neighbour was a subordinate. The results indicate that (1) SDB can be used as a measure of uncertainty during the social interactions of cercopithecine primates and (2) as there was considerable variation in SDB response according to the nature of the dominant individual, SDB can be used to assess relationship security (i.e. the perceived predictability of a relationship for one partner). Finally, in combination with measures of affiliation rate, SDB may provide insight into relationship value. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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745 |
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Custance, D.; Whiten, A.; Sambrook, T.; Galdikas, B. |
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Title |
Testing for social learning in the “artificial fruit” processing of wildborn orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), Tanjung Puting, Indonesia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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3 |
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305-313 |
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Social learning about actions, objects and sequencing was investigated in a group of 14 wildborn orangutans (four adult females and ten 3- to 5-year-old juveniles). Human models showed alternative methods and sequences for dismantling an artificial fruit to groups of participants matched by gender and age. Each participant received three to six 2-min trials in which they were given access to the artificial fruit for manipulation. Independent coders, who were unaware of which method each participant had seen, gave confidence ratings and collected action frequencies from watching video recordings of the experimental trials. No significant differences were found between groups in terms of the coders' confidence ratings, the action frequencies or the sequence of manipulations. These negative results may at least partly reflect the immaturity of a large proportion of the participants. A positive correlation was found between age and the degree of matching to the method shown. Although none of the juveniles succeeded in opening the “fruit”, two out of the four adults did so and they also seemed to match more closely the sequence of elements touched over successive trials. The results are compared with similar data previously collected from human children, chimpanzees, gorillas, capuchin monkeys and common marmosets. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3370 |
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Barton, R.A.; Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Feeding competition among female olive baboons, Papio anubis |
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Year |
1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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4 |
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777-789 |
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Abstract. Competition for food is thought to play a key role in the social organization of group-living female primates, leading to the prediction that individual foraging success will be partly regulated by dominance relationships. Among adult females in a group of free-ranging olive baboons, dominance rank was significantly correlated with nutrient acquisition rates (feeding rates and daily intakes), but not with dietary diversity or quality, nor with activity budgets. The mean daily food intake of the three highest-ranking females was 30% greater than that of the three lowest-ranking females, providing an explanation for relationships between female rank and fertility found in a number of other studies of group-living primates. The intensity of feeding competition, as measured by supplant rates and spatial clustering of individuals, increased during the dry season, a period of low food availability, seemingly because foods eaten then were more clumped in distribution than those eaten in the wet season. Implications for models of female social structure and maximum group size are discussed. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4258 |
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Whiten, A.; Ham, R. |
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On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. |
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1992 |
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Adv. Study Behav. |
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21 |
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239-283 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5599 |
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Whiten, A.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Tactical deception in primates |
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1988 |
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Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
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Behav. Brain Sci. |
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11 |
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02 |
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233-244 |
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ABSTRACT Tactical deception occurs when an individual is able to use an “honest” act from his normal repertoire in a different context to mislead familiar individuals. Although primates have a reputation for social skill, most primate groups are so intimate that any deception is likely to be subtle and infrequent. Published records are sparse and often anecdotal. We have solicited new records from many primatologists and searched for repeating patterns. This has revealed several different forms of deceptive tactic, which we classify in terms of the function they perform. For each class, we sketch the features of another individual's state of mind that an individual acting with deceptive intent must be able to represent, thus acting as a “natural psychologist.” Our analysis will sharpen attention to apparent taxonomic differences. Before these findings can be generalized, however, behavioral scientists must agree on some fundamental methodological and theoretical questions in the study of the evolution of social cognition. |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
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1469-1825 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5937 |
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Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. |
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Tactical deception in primates: the 1990 database |
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1990 |
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Primate Reports |
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Primate Rep. |
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27 |
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1-101 |
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German Primate Center |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6172 |
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Custance, D.; Whiten, A.; Fredman, T. |
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Title |
Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). |
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1999 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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113 |
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1 |
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13-23 |
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Social learning in 11 human-raised capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was investigated using an artificial fruit that was designed as an analogue of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each subject observed a human model open each of 3 principal components on the fruit in 1 of 2 alternative ways (“morphs”). The capuchin monkeys reproduced, to differing extents, the alternative techniques used for opening 1 component of the task (poking vs. pulling while twisting out a pair of smooth plastic bolts) but not the other 2. From the subjects' actions on the bolt latch, independent coders could recognize which morph they had witnessed, and they observed a degree of matching to the demonstrator's act consistent with simple imitation or object movement reenactment (A learns from watching B how an object, or parts of an object, move). Thus, these capuchins were capable of more complex social learning than has been recently ascribed to monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6563 |
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Whiten, A.; van Schaik, C.P. |
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The evolution of animal 'cultures' and social intelligence |
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2007 |
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Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences |
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Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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362 |
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1480 |
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603-620 |
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Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions ('cultures') in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence-sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain-and encephalization. First, we consider whether culture offers one particular confirmation of the social ('Machiavellian') intelligence hypothesis that certain kinds of social life (here, culture) select for intelligence: 'you need to be smart to sustain culture'. Phylogenetic comparisons, particularly focusing on our own study animals, the great apes, support this, but we also highlight some paradoxes in a broader taxonomic survey. Second, we use intraspecific variation to address the converse hypothesis that 'culture makes you smart', concluding that recent evidence for both chimpanzees and orang-utans support this proposition. |
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Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK |
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English |
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0962-8436 |
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PMID:17255007 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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729 |
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Whiten, A. |
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Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees |
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1998 |
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J Comp Psychol |
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11 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Whiten1998 |
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6291 |
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