| Records |
| Author |
Ramsden, S.; Richardson, F.M.; Josse, G.; Thomas, M.S.C.; Ellis, C.; Shakeshaft, C.; Seghier, M.L.; Price, C.J. |
| Title |
Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
advance online publication |
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| Abstract |
Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized measure of human intellectual capacity that takes into account a wide range of cognitive skills1. IQ is generally considered to be stable across the lifespan, with scores at one time point used to predict educational achievement and employment prospects in later years1. Neuroimaging allows us to test whether unexpected longitudinal fluctuations in measured IQ are related to brain development. Here we show that verbal and non-verbal IQ can rise or fall in the teenage years, with these changes in performance validated by their close correlation with changes in local brain structure. A combination of structural and functional imaging showed that verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by speech, whereas non-verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by finger movements. By using longitudinal assessments of the same individuals, we obviated the many sources of variation in brain structure that confound cross-sectional studies. This allowed us to dissociate neural markers for the two types of IQ and to show that general verbal and non-verbal abilities are closely linked to the sensorimotor skills involved in learning. More generally, our results emphasize the possibility that an individual’s intellectual capacity relative to their peers can decrease or increase in the teenage years. This would be encouraging to those whose intellectual potential may improve, and would be a warning that early achievers may not maintain their potential. |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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| ISSN |
1476-4687 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/nature10514 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5422 |
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| Author |
Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H. |
| Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
| Volume |
193 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-354 |
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| Abstract |
Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest. These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS). Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest-dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1469-7998 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5455 |
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| Author |
Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Mace, G.M. |
| Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals and primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
PNAS |
| Volume |
77 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
4387-4389 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5456 |
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| Author |
Schneider, G.; Krueger, K. |
| Title |
Third-party intervention |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Pages |
73 |
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| Abstract |
Third-party intervention is the interruption of a dyadic interaction by a third animal. We observed such interventions in affiliative interactions in free-ranging Esperia-ponies (Equus caballus). It is known that horses intervene in affiliative contexts especially when a preferred partner is involved, probably to protect their social bond to this preferred partner. To prove this hypothesis the present study investigated whether the preferred partner was targeted, i.e. challenged, or supported by the intervener or both randomly. Therefore we examined the social relationship between the intervener and both dyadic interacting individuals. We found that interveners usually supported individuals to which they have stronger social bonds than to other group mates, while they have no particular relationship to the targeted animals. This indicates that interveners in stable horse groups protect their social bonds to the supported animals by challenging their interaction partners. Of all observed horses only some mares showed intervention behaviour. Their social position, reflected by their position in the dominance hierarchy, social networks, and the spatial group structure were investigated. We found that interveners occupy no unique position, but they are involved in a high amount of affiliative interactions, high-ranking, and relatively aggressive. KW - |
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| Corporate Author |
Krueger, K. |
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| Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5549 |
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| Author |
Hillgruber, F.; Zipf, G. |
| Title |
Humans and Horses 300.000 years ago – An approach to public presentation in the research and experience centre Schöningen spears |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume |
in press |
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| Abstract |
We are introducing a new research and experience center located near the stripmine of Schöningen in western Germany, one of the most important archaeological sites in the world, which is scheduled to open its doors in 2013. The 1995 discovery of wooden hunting spears (Thieme 1997) in conjunction with the remains of hunted and butchered horses (Equus mosbachensis) contributed significantly to change the scientific view of early European Hominids being “marginal scavengers” (Binford 1981, Gamble 1987) to skilled hunters. The remains of at least 19 horses were unearthed along a former lakeshore. Initial publications demonstrate early hominid butchery systematics designed to achieve a thorough acquisition of horse products (Voormolen 2008). In order to get a better understanding of the possible hunting scenario (Thieme 2007) knowledge of wild horse behaviour is of primary interest. The exhibit section of the new center is developed to present an experience oriented concept. Access to artefacts, such as the over 300.000 year old spears, is correlated with exhibits concerning Pleistocene horse morphology, group structure and behaviour of modern day wild horses in order to draw a vivid image of the past |
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| Corporate Author |
Hillgruber, F. |
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| Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5563 |
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| Author |
Ventolini, N.; Ferrero, E.A.; Sponza, S.; Della Chiesa, A.; Zucca, P.; Vallortigara, G. |
| Title |
Laterality in the wild: preferential hemifield use during predatory and sexual behaviour in the black-winged stilt |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1077-1084 |
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| Abstract |
We recorded preferential use of the left and right monocular visual field in black-winged stilts, Himantopus himantopus, during predatory pecking and during courtship and mating behaviour in a naturalistic setting. The stilts had a population-level preference for using their right monocular visual field before predatory pecking; pecks that followed right-hemifield detection were more likely to be successful than pecks that followed left-hemifield detection, as evinced by the occurrence of swallowing and shaking head movements after pecking. In contrast, shaking behaviour, a component of courtship displays, and copulatory attempts by males were more likely to occur when females were seen with the left monocular visual field. Asymmetric hemifield use observed in natural conditions raises interesting issues as to the costs and benefits of population-level behavioural lateralization in wild animals. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5589 |
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| Author |
Irvine, C.H.G.; Alexander, S.L. |
| Title |
Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Domestic Animal Endocrinology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. |
| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
227-238 |
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| Abstract |
In horses, a circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations has been reported in some but not all studies. When a rhythm occurred, horses were accustomed to a management routine, comprising stabling, feeding and sometimes exercise, which may entrain a circadian pattern. In this work, we monitored plasma cortisol by collecting jugular blood through indwelling cannulae from four groups: 1): 10 untrained, unperturbed mares grazing excess pasture, bled hourly for 26 hr; 2) 4 mares housed in a barn for 48 hr before sampling every 15 min for 20–24 hr; 3) 5 mares placed in an outdoor yard for sampling every 30 min from 0930–2100 hr; and 4) 4 stabled racehorses in training, bled every 30 min from 0730–2000 hr and once the following morning at 0830 hr. Plasma cortisol showed a similarly-timed circadian rhythm (P<0.0001) in all Group 1 horses, with a peak at 0600–0900 hr, and a nadir at 1800–2100 hr. By contrast, cortisol concentrations did not vary with time in either Group 2 or 3. Neither daily mean nor peak cortisol values differed in Group 1 and 2 (i.e. bled for >= 20 hr); however nadir values were higher (P<0.05) in Group 2. In Group 4, cortisol declined (P=0.004) during the sampling period but had returned to initial concentrations the next morning. Values did not differ from those for Group 1, except between 1000 and 1300 hr when cortisol in Group 4 was lower (P<0.05). We conclude that a circadian cortisol rhythm exists in horses in the absence of any known cues imposed by humans. However, this rhythm can be obliterated by the minor perturbation of removing the horse from its accustomed environment. By contrast, the rhythm occurs in trained racehorses, suggesting either that they have adapted to their environment thereby allowing an endogenous rhythm to emerge, or that the rhythm is entrained by their daily routine. These observations highlight the difficulties in determining the cortisol status of a horse, since measurements will be affected by time of day, the occurrence of short-term fluctuations, and how accustomed the horse is to its environment. |
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0739-7240 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5590 |
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| Author |
Galef, J., Bennett G.; Whiskin, E.E. |
| Title |
Effects of environmental stability and demonstrator age on social learning of food preferences by young Norway rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
897-902 |
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We used socially learned food preferences of Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus, to examine two common predictions of formal models of social learning in animals: (1) that animals living in relatively stable environments should be more attentive to socially acquired information than animals living in highly variable environments, and (2) that older demonstrators should have greater influence than younger demonstrators on the behaviour of young observers. Old and young demonstrators were equally effective in modifying the food preferences of juveniles that interacted with them. However, food choices of rats that were moved daily from one cage to another and fed at unpredictable times for unpredictable periods were less affected by demonstrators than were rats maintained in stable environments. Our results thus provided experimental support for the first, but not the second, prediction from theory. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5610 |
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| Author |
Sherry, D.F.; Galef Jr, B.G. |
| Title |
Cultural transmission without imitation: Milk bottle opening by birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
937-938 |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5611 |
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Warmuth, V.; Eriksson, A.; Bower, M.A.; Barker, G.; Barrett, E.; Hanks, B.K.; Li, S.; Lomitashvili, D.; Ochir-Goryaeva, M.; Sizonov, G.V.; Soyonov, V.; Manica, A. |
| Title |
Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
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| Abstract |
Despite decades of research across multiple disciplines, the early history of horse domestication remains poorly understood. On the basis of current evidence from archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosomal sequencing, a number of different domestication scenarios have been proposed, ranging from the spread of domestic horses out of a restricted primary area of domestication to the domestication of numerous distinct wild horse populations. In this paper, we reconstruct both the population genetic structure of the extinct wild progenitor of domestic horses, Equus ferus, and the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppes by fitting a spatially explicit stepping-stone model to genotype data from >300 horses sampled across northern Eurasia. We find strong evidence for an expansion of E. ferus out of eastern Eurasia about 160 kya, likely reflecting the colonization of Eurasia by this species. Our best-fitting scenario further suggests that horse domestication originated in the western part of the Eurasian steppe and that domestic herds were repeatedly restocked with local wild horses as they spread out of this area. By showing that horse domestication was initiated in the western Eurasian steppe and that the spread of domestic herds across Eurasia involved extensive introgression from the wild, the scenario of horse domestication proposed here unites evidence from archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosomal DNA. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5612 |
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