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Author Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, S. doi  openurl
  Title Evolution in the Social Brain Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1344-1347  
  Keywords (up)  
  Abstract The evolution of unusually large brains in some groups of animals, notably primates, has long been a puzzle. Although early explanations tended to emphasize the brain's role in sensory or technical competence (foraging skills, innovations, and way-finding), the balance of evidence now clearly favors the suggestion that it was the computational demands of living in large, complex societies that selected for large brains. However, recent analyses suggest that it may have been the particular demands of the more intense forms of pairbonding that was the critical factor that triggered this evolutionary development. This may explain why primate sociality seems to be so different from that found in most other birds and mammals: Primate sociality is based on bonded relationships of a kind that are found only in pairbonds in other taxa.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4243  
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Author Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. doi  openurl
  Title online material Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1360-1366  
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  Abstract Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4244  
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Author Ash, C.; Chin, G.; Pennisi, E.; Sugden, A. doi  openurl
  Title Living in Societies Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1337-  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4246  
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Author Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. doi  openurl
  Title Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1360-1366  
  Keywords (up)  
  Abstract Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world.  
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  Notes 10.1126/science.1146282 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4245  
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Author Jolly, A. doi  openurl
  Title BEHAVIOR: The Social Origin of Mind Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1326-1327  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4247  
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Author Miller, R.M. url  openurl
  Title How the dominance hierarchy is determined: The body language of the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 15 Issue 12 Pages 514-515  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4306  
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Author Veissier, I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Observational learning in cattle Type Journal Article
  Year 1993 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 35 Issue 3 Pages 235-243  
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  Abstract Four experiments were designed to find evidence of observational learning in cattle. The experiments were run on ten experimental heifers, each observing a demonstrator mate performing a task, and on ten control heifers, each observing a non-demonstrator mate. The mates and observers were separated by wire netting in Experiments 1-3, but were in the same room in Experiment 4. The task to be learned was to push a panel to get food into a box. All naive animals were able to observe while their mate performed the task. The observers in Experiments 1 and 4 were Salers heifers that had no prior experience of the testing room; those in Experiment 2 were Salers heifers that were accustomed to the room; those in Experiment 3 were Aubrac or Limousin heifers that had already eaten in the room.

The behaviour of the observers was influenced by their mates: activity at or near the boxes was enhanced by the presence of demonstrators in Experiment 2 (box contacts: 38.0 +/- 16.2 vs. 22.1 +/- 11.9 for experimental and control heifers, respectively; P<0.05), while activity in other parts of the room in Experiment 3 was enhanced when non-demonstrator mates were present (wall sniffing: 5.4 +/- 13.9 vs. 13.9 +/- 13.7; P<0.05). Overall, 26 experimental heifers vs. 19 controls learned the task (P>0.05). The time spent eating was longer when the observer only had visual contact with a demonstrator (Experiment 1: 15.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 11.6 +/- 1.8 min), but was lower when physical contacts with the demonstrator were possible (Experiment 4: 4.6 +/- 8.8 vs. 5.4 +/- 2.2 min; P<0.05).

Ten out of the 11 Limousin heifers learned the task, compared with only three out of the nine Aubrac heifers (P<0.05). The latter spent more time near the door and sniffed the walls more often than the former (2.0 +/- 1.9 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.6 min, P<0.05, and 18.1 +/- 13.4 vs. 2.7 +/- 6.5 min, P<0.01), as though they were trying to flee the situation.

When animals observed a demonstrator, their attention was drawn to stimuli involved in the task but acquisition of knowledge was not greatly improved.		  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour Team @ birgit.flauger @ Serial 4325  
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Author Miller, R.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title How we can quickly assume the role of horse herd leader: Making horses compliant and willing subjects Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 4-7  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4329  
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Author Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 319 Issue 5871 Pages 1842-1845  
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  Abstract Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior.  
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  Notes 10.1126/science.1152837 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4408  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Supporting Online Material to: Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 319 Issue 5871 Pages 1842-1845  
  Keywords (up)  
  Abstract Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior.  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1126/science.1152837 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4409  
Permanent link to this record
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