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| Author |
Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J. |
| Title |
Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
289-292 |
Keywords  |
mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata |
| Abstract |
Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2181 |
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| Author |
Cameron, E.Z.; Linklater, W.L.; Stafford, K.J.; Minot, E.O. |
| Title |
Aging and improving reproductive success in horses: declining residual reproductive value or just older and wiser? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
243-249 |
| Keywords |
Maternal investment – Equidae – Equus caballus |
| Abstract |
In many mammalian species, female success in raising offspring improves as they age. The residual reproductive value hypothesis predicts that each individual offspring will be more valuable to the mother as she ages because there is less conflict between the current and potential future offspring. Therefore, as mothers age, their investment into individual offspring should increase. Empirical evidence for an influence of declining residual reproductive value on maternal investment is unconvincing. Older mothers may not invest more, but may be more successful due to greater experience, allowing them to target their investment more appropriately (targeted reproductive effort hypothesis). Most studies do not preclude either hypothesis. Mare age significantly influenced maternal investment in feral horses living on the North Island of New Zealand. Older mares, that were more successful at raising foals, were more protective for the first 20 days of life, but less diligent thereafter. Total maternal input by older mothers did not seem to be any greater, but was better targeted at the most critical period for foal survival and a similar pattern was observed in mares that had lost a foal in the previous year. In addition, older mothers were more likely to foal in consecutive years, supporting the hypothesis that they are investing less than younger mares in individual offspring. Therefore, older mothers seem to become more successful by targeting their investment better due to experience, not by investing more in their offspring. |
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2019 |
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Berger, J.; Cunningham, C. |
| Title |
Size-Related Effects on Search Times in North American Grassland Female Ungulates |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Ecology |
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69 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
177-183 |
| Keywords |
no keywords available |
| Abstract |
Feeding and searching (= vigilance) rates arise as a result of many interrelated factors including trophic level, diet, reproductive condition, sex, habitat, body mass, and potential predation pressure. Because of unique ecological conditions in which the confounding influences of all but two of these variables could be minimized, we examined the hypothesis that body mass alone accounts for interspecific differences in search times, and tested it with females of four sympatric native North American ungulates (Bison bison, Antilocapra americana, Ovis canadensis, and Odocoileus hemionus). When the effects of group size were controlled, smaller bodied species were more vigilant (per unit body mass) than larger ones. However, search times (ST) also scaled to body mass, and between 81 and 97% of the ST variance was explained by either exponential or power functions. To remove the potential bias that predators exert different influences on species of varying size, search times of bison in areas with and without their major predator, wolves (Canis lupus), were contrasted; search times did not differ between sites. Our results highlight the importance of designing field research that controls for confounding variables prior to attempting to scale behavioral processes to ecological events. See full-text article at JSTOR |
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Ecological Society of America |
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English |
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0012-9658 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2233 |
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Krama, T. [1]; Krams, I. [2] |
| Title |
Cost of mobbing call to breeding pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
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Pages |
37-40 |
| Keywords |
ntipredator behavior, Ficedula hypoleuca, mobbing calls, mobbing costs, pied flycatcher. |
| Abstract |
Mobbing signals advertise the location of a stalking predator to all prey in an area and recruit them into the inspection aggregation. Such behavior usually causes the predator to move to another area. However, mobbing calls could be eavesdropped by other predators. Because the predation cost of mobbing calls is poorly known, we investigated whether the vocalizations of the mobbing pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca, a small hole nesting passerine, increase the risk of nest predation. We used mobbing calls of pied flycatchers to examine if they could lure predators such as the marten, Martes martes. This predator usually hunts by night and may locate its mobbing prey while resting nearby during the day. Within each of 56 experimental plots, from the top of one nest-box we played back mobbing sounds of pied flycatchers, whereas blank tapes were played from the top of another nest-box. The trials with mobbing calls were carried out before sunset. We put pieces of recently abandoned nests of pied flycatchers and a quail, Coturnix coturnix, egg into each of the nest-boxes. Nest-boxes with playbacks of mobbing calls were depredated by martens significantly more than were nest-boxes with blank tapes. The results of the present study indicate that repeated conspicuous mobbing calls may carry a significant cost for birds during the breeding season. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4092 |
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Connor, R.C.; Mann, J.; Tyack, P.L.; Whitehead, H. |
| Title |
Social evolution in toothed whales |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
228-232 |
| Keywords |
odontocetes; toothed whales; social evolution; communication; bottlenose dolphins; sperm whales; long-term studies; foraging |
| Abstract |
Two contrasting results emerge from comparisons of the social systems of several odontocetes with terrestrial mammals. Researchers have identified remarkable convergence in prominent features of the social systems of odontocetes such as the sperm whale and bottlenose dolphin with a few well-known terrestrial mammals such as the elephant and chimpanzee. In contrast, studies on killer whales and Baird's beaked whale reveal novel social solutions to aquatic living. The combination of convergent and novel features in odontocete social systems promise a more general understanding of the ecological determinants of social systems in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, as well as the relationship between relative brain size and social evolution. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4789 |
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Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. A. |
| Title |
Horse signals: The sounds and scents of fury |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
254-260 |
| Keywords |
ommunication – combat – fighting ability – individual identity – signals – information – assessment – displays |
| Abstract |
During contests animals typically exchange information about fighting ability. Among feral horses these signals involve olfactory or acoustical elements and each type can effectively terminate contests before physical contact becomes necessary. Dung transplant experiments show that for stallions, irrespective of rank, olfactory signals such as dung sniffing encode information about familiarity suggesting that such signals can be used as signatures. As such they can provide indirect information about fighting ability as long as opponents associate identity with past performance. Play-back experiments, however, show that vocalizations, such as squeals, directly provide information about status regardless of stallion familiarity. Sonographs reveal that squeals of dominants are longer than those of subordinates and that only those of dominants have at their onset high-frequency components. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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506 |
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Whitehead, H. |
| Title |
SOCPROG programs: analysing animal social structures |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
63 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
765-778 |
| Keywords |
Social analysis – Software – Association |
| Abstract |
Abstract SOCPROG is a set of programs which analyses data on animal associations. Data usually come from observations of the social behaviour of individually identifiable animals. Associations among animals, sampling periods, restrictions on the data and association indices can be defined very flexibly. SOCPROG can analyse data sets including 1,000 or more individuals. Association matrices are displayed using sociograms, principal coordinates analysis, multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses. Permutation tests, Mantel and related tests and matrix correlation methods examine hypotheses about preferred associations among individuals and classes of individual. Weighted network statistics are calculated and can be tested against null hypotheses. Temporal analyses include displays of lagged association rates (rates of reassociation following an association). Models can be fitted to lagged association rates. Multiple association measures, including measures produced by other programs such as genetic or range use data, may be analysed using Mantel tests and principal components analysis. SOCPROG also performs mark-recapture population analyses and movement analyses. SOCPROG is written in the programming language MATLAB and may be downloaded free from the World Wide Web. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5026 |
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Templeton, J.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A. |
| Title |
Vicarious sampling: the use of personal and public information by starlings foraging in a simple patchy environment |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
38 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
105-114 |
| Keywords |
Social foraging ? Patch sampling ? Public information ? Sturnidae |
| Abstract |
Group foragers may be able to assess patch quality more efficiently by paying attention to the sampling activities of conspecifics foraging in the same patch. In a previous field experiment, we showed that starlings foraging on patches of hidden food could use the successful foraging activities of others to help them assess patch quality. In order to determine whether a starling could also use another individual's lack of foraging success to assess and depart from empty patches more quickly, we carried out two experimental studies which compared the behaviour of captive starlings sampling artificial patches both when alone and when in pairs. Solitary starlings were first trained to assess patch quality in our experimental two-patch system, and were then tested on an empty patch both alone and with two types of partner bird. One partner sampled very few holes and thus provided a low amount of public information; the other sampled numerous holes and thus provided a high amount of public information. In experiment 1, we found no evidence of vicarious sampling. Subjects sampled a similar number of empty holes when alone as when with the low and high information partners; thus they continued to rely on their own personal information to make their patch departure decisions. In experiment 2, we modified the experimental patches, increasing the ease with which a bird could watch another's sampling activities, and increasing the difficulty of acquiring accurate personal sampling information. This time, subjects apparently did use public information, sampling fewer empty holes before departure when with the high-information partner than when with the low-information partner, and sampling fewer holes when with the low-information partner than when alone. We suggest that the degree to which personal and public information are used is likely to depend both on a forager's ability to remember where it has already sampled and on the type of environment in which foraging takes place. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4198 |
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Krause, J.; Croft, D.; James, R. |
| Title |
Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: potential applications |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-27 |
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Social networks – Social organisation – Mate choice – Disease transmission – Information transfer – Cooperation |
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Abstract Social network theory has made major contributions to our understanding of human social organisation but has found relatively little application in the field of animal behaviour. In this review, we identify several broad research areas where the networks approach could greatly enhance our understanding of social patterns and processes in animals. The network theory provides a quantitative framework that can be used to characterise social structure both at the level of the individual and the population. These novel quantitative variables may provide a new tool in addressing key questions in behavioural ecology particularly in relation to the evolution of social organisation and the impact of social structure on evolutionary processes. For example, network measures could be used to compare social networks of different species or populations making full use of the comparative approach. However, the networks approach can in principle go beyond identifying structural patterns and also can help with the understanding of processes within animal populations such as disease transmission and information transfer. Finally, understanding the pattern of interactions in the network (i.e. who is connected to whom) can also shed some light on the evolution of behavioural strategies. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5171 |
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