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Author Dreber, A.; Rand, D.G.; Fudenberg, D.; Nowak, M.A.
Title Winners don/'t punish Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 452 Issue 7185 Pages 348-351
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Abstract A key aspect of human behaviour is cooperation1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. We tend to help others even if costs are involved. We are more likely to help when the costs are small and the benefits for the other person significant. Cooperation leads to a tension between what is best for the individual and what is best for the group. A group does better if everyone cooperates, but each individual is tempted to defect. Recently there has been much interest in exploring the effect of costly punishment on human cooperation8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Costly punishment means paying a cost for another individual to incur a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment promotes cooperation even in non-repeated games and without any possibility of reputation effects10. But most of our interactions are repeated and reputation is always at stake. Thus, if costly punishment is important in promoting cooperation, it must do so in a repeated setting. We have performed experiments in which, in each round of a repeated game, people choose between cooperation, defection and costly punishment. In control experiments, people could only cooperate or defect. Here we show that the option of costly punishment increases the amount of cooperation but not the average payoff of the group. Furthermore, there is a strong negative correlation between total payoff and use of costly punishment. Those people who gain the highest total payoff tend not to use costly punishment: winners don't punish. This suggests that costly punishment behaviour is maladaptive in cooperation games and might have evolved for other reasons.
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes 10.1038/nature06723 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4406
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Author Romanes G.J.
Title Animal Intelligence Type Book Whole
Year 1882 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Publisher Appleton Place of Publication New York Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4411
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Author Steinbrecht, G.
Title Das Gymnasium des Pferdes Type Book Whole
Year 1935 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Richard Schröder Place of Publication Berlin Editor Paul Plinzner
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Notes auf Grund neuer wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse und praktischer Erfahrungen fortgeführt v. Hans v. Heydebreck. Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4420
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Author Frey, G.; Hildenbrandt, E.
Title Einführung in die Trainingslehre 1. Grundlagen Type Book Whole
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Hofmann Place of Publication Schorndorf Editor
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ISSN ISBN 3778084127 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4442
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Author Jørgensen, G. H.M.; Borsheim, L.; Mejdell, C. M.; Bøe, K. E.
Title Social interactions and spacing in horses (Equus caballus) grouped according to gender Type Conference Article
Year 2008 Publication IESM 2008 Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the social behaviour and spacing between horses when grouped according to gender in homogeneous- or heterogeneous groups, and to see if the amount and severity of aggression differed in relation to gender composition.

A total of 66 horses divided in six batches were used. In each batch, horses were allotted into one mare group, one gelding group and one mixed gender group, with most groups consisting of three or four animals. Three batches were performed on Icelandic horses and three batches on riding horses and -ponies. After 4-6 weeks of acclimatisation, a trained observer recorded all social interactions using direct, continuous observation one hour in the morning and one hour in the afternoon for three consecutive days. In addition, the nearest neighbour of each horse was recorded using instantaneous sampling every 10 minutes. The horses were inspected for injuries before grouping, day one after grouping and after 4-6 weeks. Furthermore, a novel object test and a handling test (taking horse out of group) were conducted after the behavioural observations were completed.

No significant effect of gender composition was found on social interactions, spacing or injuries. Most of the aggressive interactions recorded were threats, and not aggressive interactions involving physical contact. Aggression seemed to increase with decreased space per animal and more horses per feeding place. Very few injuries were found and most were superficial. Horses showed a low degree of fearfulness in the novel object test and most horses were easy to handle in the “horse out of group test”.

In conclusion, gender composition does not seem to have any effect on aggression level, spacing or injuries in social groups of horses.
Address 2National Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway.
Corporate Author Jørgensen, G. H.M. Thesis
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Notes Talk 15 min IESM 2008 Approved yes
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4489
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Author Bigiani, A.; Mucignat-Caretta, C.; Montani, G.; Tirindelli, R.
Title Pheromone reception in mammals Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 154 Issue Pages 1-35
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Abstract Pheromonal communication is the most convenient way to transfer information regarding gender and social status in animals of the same species with the holistic goal of sustaining reproduction. This type of information exchange is based on pheromones, molecules often chemically unrelated, that are contained in body fluids like urine, sweat, specialized exocrine glands, and mucous secretions of genitals. So profound is the relevance of pheromones over the evolutionary process that a specific peripheral organ devoted to their recognition, namely the vomeronasal organ of Jacobson, and a related central pathway arose in most vertebrate species. Although the vomeronasal system is well developed in reptiles and amphibians, most mammals strongly rely on pheromonal communication. Humans use pheromones too; evidence on the existence of a specialized organ for their detection, however, is very elusive indeed. In the present review, we will focus our attention on the behavioral, physiological, and molecular aspects of pheromone detection in mammals. We will discuss the responses to pheromonal stimulation in different animal species, emphasizing the complicacy of this type of communication. In the light of the most recent results, we will also discuss the complex organization of the transduction molecules that underlie pheromone detection and signal transmission from vomeronasal neurons to the higher centers of the brain. Communication is a primary feature of living organisms, allowing the coordination of different behavioral paradigms among individuals. Communication has evolved through a variety of different strategies, and each species refined its own preferred communication medium. From a phylogenetic point of view, the most widespread and ancient way of communication is through chemical signals named pheromones: it occurs in all taxa, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The release of specific pheromones into the environment is a sensitive and definite way to send messages to other members of the same species. Therefore, the action of an organism can alter the behavior of another organism, thereby increasing the fitness of either or both. Albeit slow in transmission and not easily modulated, pheromones can travel around objects in the dark and over long distances. In addition, they are emitted when necessary and their biosynthesis is usually economic. In essence, they represent the most efficient tool to refine the pattern of social behaviors and reproductive strategies. © Springer-Verlag 2005.
Address Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4570
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Author Fiske, J.C.; Potter, G.D.
Title Discrimination reversal learning in yearling horses Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication J. Anim. Sci. Abbreviated Journal J. Anim. Sci.
Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 583-588
Keywords (up)
Abstract Twenty-six yearling horses were tested on a serial reversal learning discrimination combining spatial and brightness cues. An original discrimination of rewarded or nonrewarded stimuli was made followed by 20 daily reversals for position/brightness discrimination. Learning criteria were defined as 11 out of 12 correct, with the last eight responses all correct. Each horse was allowed 30 trials per discrimination to achieve criteria. Mean errors (ME) and mean trials (MT) required to achieve criteria were computed for each horse. A relative learning ability index (LAI) was calculated by the formula 1000/MT/ME. A daily emotionality score, based on a scale of one (tranquil) to six (very excitable) was assigned each horse each day after testing and a mean computed for each horse. A single subjective trainability score, based on a scale of one (difficult to train) to six (easy to train) was obtained for each horse from an independent trainer. Linear regression analyses for all 26 horses revealed a reduction in MT and ME (P<.01) over the 21-day test period indicating evidence of learning to learn. Differences (P<.05) were evident between sexes for MT and ME. Significant correlations between trainability scores and learning ability indices MT, ME, and LAI were evident for colts and geldings but not for fillies. Pooled data showed significant correlations between ME and trainability. There was a negative correlation (P<.05) between emotionality and trainability scores for all 26 horses, although the filly group did not exhibit significant correlation between these parameters.
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 31; Export Date: 24 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4583
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Author McCall, C.A.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Ingram, R.S.
Title Learning abilities in yearling horses using the Hebb-Williams closed field maze Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication J. Anim. Sci. Abbreviated Journal J. Anim. Sci.
Volume 53 Issue 4 Pages 928-933
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 24 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4613
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Author Berge, J.; Cottier, F.; Last, K.S.; Varpe, O.; Leu, E.; Soreide, J.; Eiane, K.; Falk-Petersen, S.; Willis, K.; Nygard, H.; Vogedes, D.; Griffiths, C.; Johnsen, G.; Lorentzen, D.; Brierley, A.S.
Title Diel vertical migration of Arctic zooplankton during the polar night Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Biology Letters Abbreviated Journal Biol Lett
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract High-latitude environments show extreme seasonal variation in physical and biological variables. The classic paradigm of Arctic marine ecosystems holds that most biological processes slow down or cease during the polar night. One key process that is generally assumed to cease during winter is diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. DVM constitutes the largest synchronized movement of biomass on the planet, and is of paramount importance for marine ecosystem function and carbon cycling. Here we present acoustic data that demonstrate a synchronized DVM behaviour of zooplankton that continues throughout the Arctic winter, in both open and ice-covered waters. We argue that even during the polar night, DVM is regulated by diel variations in solar and lunar illumination, which are at intensities far below the threshold of human perception. We also demonstrate that winter DVM is stronger in open waters compared with ice-covered waters. This suggests that the biologically mediated vertical flux of carbon will increase if there is a continued retreat of the Arctic winter sea ice cover.
Address University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratories, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
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ISSN 1744-9561 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:18948249 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4629
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Author Beauchamp, G.
Title Individual Differences In Activity And Exploration Influence Leadership In Pairs Of Foraging Zebra Finches Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 137 Issue Pages 301-314
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Abstract This study investigated the role of dominance and level of activity and exploration on leadership in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata) searching for food. In pairs of zebra finches fairly matched in size and that experienced the same level of food deprivation, the same bird consistently reached first one foraging patch over several trials. The same pattern of arrival to food occurred when resources were provided in two distant patches available concurrently, a situation that would potentially allow subordinates a greater access to resources. In further testing, the formation of new pairs with the same birds led to several changes in leadership, indicating that leadership is not an absolute feature. The member of a pair that proved to be the most active and exploratory during independent, solitary trials became the leader in nearly all pairs tested. The same pattern held true in newly rearranged pairs where individuals often experienced changes in dominance status. Dominance failed to be associated with leadership in all tests. The results suggest that in a relatively egalitarian species, level of activity and exploration may be a stronger predictor of leadership than dominance.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4698
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