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Kiltie, R.A.; Fan, J.; Laine, A.F. |
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Title |
A wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Mathematical Biosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Math Biosci |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-39 |
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Animals; Carnivora; *Ecology; Equidae; *Evolution; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Moths; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Pigmentation |
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Much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. Previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. We present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. Like the human visual system for texture discrimination, and probably like that of other vertebrates, this method is based on localized analysis of orientation and frequency components of the patterns composing visual textures. As examples of the metric's utility, we present analyses of crypsis for tigers, zebras, and peppered moth morphs. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville |
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0025-5564 |
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PMID:7696817 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2660 |
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Author |
Hurn, S.D.; Turner, A.G. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Ophthalmic examination findings of Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Veterinary Ophthalmology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Ophthalmol |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-100 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Animals; Cataract/epidemiology/veterinary; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/veterinary; Eye Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology; Horses; Male; Prevalence; Victoria/epidemiology |
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OBJECTIVE: To record the prevalence and document the types of eye disease in population of Thoroughbred racehorses in Victoria, Australia. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Two hundred four Thoroughbred racehorses. PROCEDURE: All horses and both eyes were examined at four metropolitan and two country racing stable complexes. Ophthalmic exam was performed following dark adaptation with a transilluminator, biomicroscope, and direct ophthalmoscope. Intraocular pressures were measured when indicated. Both pupils were dilated with tropicamide when indicated. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-two (89.2%) flat-racing and 22 (10.8%) jump-racing (hurdle or steeple) horses were examined. Age range: 2-9 years (mean 3.7 years, median 3); 97 (47.5%) male-neuter, 74 (36. 3%) female, 33 (16.2%) male. Potential vision-threatening eye disease was present in 15 (7.4%) different horses: complete lenticular cataracts 3, posterior lens luxation and cataract 1, large peripapillary 'butterfly' inactive lesions 3, large peripapillary 'butterfly' active lesions 2, peripapillary focal inactive 'bullet hole' chorioretinal lesions (> 20) 5, optic nerve atrophy 1. Non-vision threatening eye disease was present in 117 (57.4%) different horses, involving one or more ocular structures: lower eyelid scars 3; periocular fibropapillomatous disease 1; third eyelid squamous cell carcinoma 1; corneal scars 6; corneal band opacity 2; anterior iris synechia 1; developmental cataracts 36 (17.2%); peripapillary focal inactive 'bullet hole' chorioretinal lesions (< 20) 103 (50.0%); linear peripapillary hyperpigmentation bands 16 (7.9%). Unusual variations of normal ocular anatomy and colobomata was recorded in 11 (5.4%) different horses: granular iridica hypoplasia 3, granular iridica hyperplasia 2, multilobular granular iridica cyst 1, microcornea 1, hyaloid remnant 1, rotated optic nerve head 1, coloboma of the lens 1, atypical coloboma of the retina 1. CONCLUSIONS: This survey demonstrates that the prevalence of vision-threatening eye disease in racing horses may be greater than previously perceived, and highlights the importance of ocular examination within any routine physical examination of horses. |
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All Animal Eye Services, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia. sdhurn@bigpond.com |
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1463-5216 |
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PMID:16497233 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3766 |
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Fragaszy, D.; Johnson-Pynn, J.; Hirsh, E.; Brakke, K. |
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Title |
Strategic navigation of two-dimensional alley mazes: comparing capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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3 |
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149-160 |
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Animals; Cebus/*physiology; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Computer Peripherals; Female; Male; Maze Learning/*physiology; Neuropsychological Tests; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Species Specificity; User-Computer Interface |
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Abstract |
Planning is an important component of cognition that contributes, for example, to efficient movement through space. In the current study we presented novel two-dimensional alley mazes to four chimpanzees and three capuchin monkeys to identify the nature and efficiency of planning in relation to varying task parameters. All the subjects solved more mazes without error than expected by chance, providing compelling evidence that both species planned their choices in some manner. The probability of making a correct choice on mazes designed to be more demanding and presented later in the testing series was higher than on earlier, simpler mazes (chimpanzees), or unchanged (capuchin monkeys), suggesting microdevelopment of strategic choice. Structural properties of the mazes affected both species' choices. Capuchin monkeys were less likely than chimpanzees to take a correct path that initially led away from the goal but that eventually led to the goal. Chimpanzees were more likely to make an error by passing a correct path than by turning onto a wrong path. Chimpanzees and one capuchin made more errors on choices farther in sequence from the goal. Each species corrected errors before running into the end of an alley in approximately 40% of cases. Together, these findings suggest nascent planning abilities in each species, and the prospect for significant development of strategic planning capabilities on tasks presenting multiple simultaneous or sequential spatial relations. The computerized maze paradigm appears well suited to investigate movement planning and spatial perception in human and nonhuman primates alike. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. doree@arches.uga.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12955584 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2557 |
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Author |
Izar, P.; Ferreira, R.G.; Sato, T. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Describing the organization of dominance relationships by dominance-directed tree method |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
189-207 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Animals; Cebus/physiology; *Models, Biological; *Social Dominance |
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Methods to describe dominance hierarchies are a key tool in primatology studies. Most current methods are appropriate for analyzing linear and near-linear hierarchies; however, more complex structures are common in primate groups. We propose a method termed “dominance-directed tree.” This method is based on graph theory and set theory to analyze dominance relationships in social groups. The method constructs a transitive matrix by imposing transitivity to the dominance matrix and produces a graphical representation of the dominance relationships, which allows an easy visualization of the hierarchical position of the individuals, or subsets of individuals. The method is also able to detect partial and complete hierarchies, and to describe situations in which hierarchical and nonhierarchical principles operate. To illustrate the method, we apply a dominance tree analysis to artificial data and empirical data from a group of Cebus apella. |
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Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. patrizar@usp.br |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:16429416 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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723 |
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Cerutti, D.T.; Staddon, J.E.R. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Immediacy versus anticipated delay in the time-left experiment: a test of the cognitive hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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30 |
Issue |
1 |
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45-57 |
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Animals; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Male; Models, Psychological; Psychological Theory; *Reinforcement (Psychology); *Reinforcement Schedule; Time Perception/*physiology |
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In the time-left experiment (J. Gibbon & R. M. Church, 1981), animals are said to compare an expectation of a fixed delay to food, for one choice, with a decreasing delay expectation for the other, mentally representing both upcoming time to food and the difference between current time and upcoming time (the cognitive hypothesis). The results of 2 experiments support a simpler view: that animals choose according to the immediacies of reinforcement for each response at a time signaled by available time markers (the temporal control hypothesis). It is not necessary to assume that animals can either represent or subtract representations of times to food to explain the results of the time-left experiment. |
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Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1050, USA. cerutti@psych.duke.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:14709114 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2768 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Hampton, R.R. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Rhesus monkeys know when they remember |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
98 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
5359-5362 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Animals; Choice Behavior/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Cues; Food Preferences/psychology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/*psychology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Probability; Psychological Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity |
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Humans are consciously aware of some memories and can make verbal reports about these memories. Other memories cannot be brought to consciousness, even though they influence behavior. This conspicuous difference in access to memories is central in taxonomies of human memory systems but has been difficult to document in animal studies, suggesting that some forms of memory may be unique to humans. Here I show that rhesus macaque monkeys can report the presence or absence of memory. Although it is probably impossible to document subjective, conscious properties of memory in nonverbal animals, this result objectively demonstrates an important functional parallel with human conscious memory. Animals able to discern the presence and absence of memory should improve accuracy if allowed to decline memory tests when they have forgotten, and should decline tests most frequently when memory is attenuated experimentally. One of two monkeys examined unequivocally met these criteria under all test conditions, whereas the second monkey met them in all but one case. Probe tests were used to rule out “cueing” by a wide variety of environmental and behavioral stimuli, leaving detection of the absence of memory per se as the most likely mechanism underlying the monkeys' abilities to selectively decline memory tests when they had forgotten. |
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Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 49, Room 1B-80, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. robert@ln.nimh.nih.gov |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:11274360 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2824 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Gill, J. |
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Title |
A new method for continuous recording of motor activity in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comp Biochem Physiol A |
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Volume |
99 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-341 |
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Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Horses/*physiology; Monitoring, Physiologic/instrumentation/*veterinary; *Motor Activity; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted |
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1. The use of an electronic recorder for the horse motor activity was described. 2. Examples of different types of motor activities are given in Figs 1-8. 3. The ultradian pattern of activity in all records was stressed. 4. The possibility of receiving of more physiological informations by this type of apparatus is discussed. |
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Department of Vertebrate Animal Physiology, University of Warsaw, Poland |
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0300-9629 |
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PMID:1678331 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1950 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Dubois, F.; Giraldeau, L.-A. |
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Title |
The forager's dilemma: food sharing and food defense as risk-sensitive foraging options |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
The American Naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Nat |
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Volume |
162 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
768-779 |
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Animals; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; *Environment; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; *Game Theory; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Population Dynamics |
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Although many variants of the hawk-dove game predict the frequency at which group foraging animals should compete aggressively, none of them can explain why a large number of group foraging animals share food clumps without any overt aggression. One reason for this shortcoming is that hawk-dove games typically consider only a single contest, while most group foraging situations involve opponents that interact repeatedly over discovered food clumps. The present iterated hawk-dove game predicts that in situations that are analogous to a prisoner's dilemma, animals should share the resources without aggression, provided that the number of simultaneously available food clumps is sufficiently large and the number of competitors is relatively small. However, given that the expected gain of an aggressive animal is more variable than the gain expected by nonaggressive individuals, the predicted effect of the number of food items in a clump-clump richness-depends on whether only the mean or both the mean and variability associated with payoffs are considered. More precisely, the deterministic game predicts that aggression should increase with clump richness, whereas the stochastic risk-sensitive game predicts that the frequency of encounters resulting in aggression should peak at intermediate clump richnesses or decrease with increasing clump richness if animals show sensitivity to the variance or coefficient of variation, respectively. |
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Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada. fdubois@u-bourgogne.fr |
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0003-0147 |
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PMID:14737714 |
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2132 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; Girvan, M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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439 |
Issue |
7075 |
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426-429 |
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Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology/*psychology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior |
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All organisms interact with their environment, and in doing so shape it, modifying resource availability. Termed niche construction, this process has been studied primarily at the ecological level with an emphasis on the consequences of construction across generations. We focus on the behavioural process of construction within a single generation, identifying the role a robustness mechanism--conflict management--has in promoting interactions that build social resource networks or social niches. Using 'knockout' experiments on a large, captive group of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), we show that a policing function, performed infrequently by a small subset of individuals, significantly contributes to maintaining stable resource networks in the face of chronic perturbations that arise through conflict. When policing is absent, social niches destabilize, with group members building smaller, less diverse, and less integrated grooming, play, proximity and contact-sitting networks. Instability is quantified in terms of reduced mean degree, increased clustering, reduced reach, and increased assortativity. Policing not only controls conflict, we find it significantly influences the structure of networks that constitute essential social resources in gregarious primate societies. The structure of such networks plays a critical role in infant survivorship, emergence and spread of cooperative behaviour, social learning and cultural traditions. |
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Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:16437106 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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298 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Spadavecchia, C.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; Andersen, O.K.; Spadavecchia, L.; Doherr, M.; Schatzmann, U. |
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Title |
Comparison of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes and recruitment curves between the forelimbs and hind limbs in conscious horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
American journal of veterinary research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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64 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
700-707 |
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Animals; Consciousness; Female; Forelimb/*physiology; Hindlimb/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Nociceptors/physiology; Pain/*physiopathology/*veterinary; Pain Threshold/physiology; Recruitment, Neurophysiological/physiology; Reflex/*physiology |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To compare nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) evoked from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in conscious standing horses and to investigate NWR recruitment for graded electrical stimulation intensities. ANIMALS: 20 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the digital palmar (or plantar) nerve was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles. Stimuli consisted of 25-millisecond train-of-5 constant current pulses. Current intensity was gradually increased until NWR threshold intensity was reached. The EMG signal was analyzed for quantification of the NWR. Behavioral responses accompanying the reflex were scored (scale, 0 to 5). The NWR recruitment curves were determined at 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 times the NWR threshold intensity. RESULTS: The NWR threshold was significantly higher for the hind limb (median value, 6.6 mA; range, 3 to 10 mA) than the forelimb (median, 3 mA; range, 1.7 to 5.5 mA). The NWR of the hind limb had a significantly longer latency (median, 122.8 milliseconds; range, 106 to 172 milliseconds), compared with the forelimb (median, 98 milliseconds; range, 86 to 137 milliseconds), and it was associated with significantly stronger behavioral reactions. Gradual increase of NWR amplitude was evident at increasing stimulation intensities and supported by the behavioral observations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We documented NWRs evoked from the forelimb and hind limb and their recruitment with stimuli of increasing intensity in horses. These results provide a basis for use of NWRs in studies on nociceptive modulation in horses. |
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Berne, Switzerland |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:12828255 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
93 |
|
Permanent link to this record |