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Quaresmini, C.; Forrester, G.S.; Spiezio, C.; Vallortigara, G. |
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Title |
Social environment elicits lateralized behaviors in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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Volume |
128 |
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3 |
Pages |
276-284 |
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*Animal Ethology; *Animal Social Behavior; *Chimpanzees; *Gorillas; *Social Influences; Cerebral Dominance; Lateral Dominance; Social Environments |
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The influence of the social environment on lateralized behaviors has now been investigated across a wide variety of animal species. New evidence suggests that the social environment can modulate behavior. Currently, there is a paucity of data relating to how primates navigate their environmental space, and investigations that consider the naturalistic context of the individual are few and fragmented. Moreover, there are competing theories about whether only the right or rather both cerebral hemispheres are involved in the processing of social stimuli, especially in emotion processing. Here we provide the first report of lateralized social behaviors elicited by great apes. We employed a continuous focal animal sampling method to record the spontaneous interactions of a captive zoo-living colony of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and a biological family group of peer-reared western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). We specifically focused on which side of the body (i.e., front, rear, left, right) the focal individual preferred to keep conspecifics. Utilizing a newly developed quantitative corpus-coding scheme, analysis revealed both chimpanzees and gorillas demonstrated a significant group-level preference for focal individuals to keep conspecifics positioned to the front of them compared with behind them. More interestingly, both groups also manifested a population-level bias to keep conspecifics on their left side compared with their right side. Our findings suggest a social processing dominance of the right hemisphere for context-specific social environments. Results are discussed in light of the evolutionary adaptive value of social stimulus as a triggering factor for the manifestation of group-level lateralized behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Quaresmini, Caterina: Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 31, Rovereto, Italy, 38068, caterina.quaresmini@gmail.com |
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American Psychological Association |
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1939-2087(Electronic),0735-7036(Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2014-13828-001 |
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6396 |
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Gaunitz, C.; Fages, A.; Hanghøj, K.; Albrechtsen, A.; Khan, N.; Schubert, M.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Owens, I.J.; Felkel, S.; Bignon-Lau, O.; de Barros Damgaard, P.; Mittnik, A.; Mohaseb, A.F.; Davoudi, H.; Alquraishi, S.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Al-Rasheid, K.A.S.; Crubézy, E.; Benecke, N.; Olsen, S.; Brown, D.; Anthony, D.; Massy, K.; Pitulko, V.; Kasparov, A.; Brem, G.; Hofreiter, M.; Mukhtarova, G.; Baimukhanov, N.; Lõugas, L.; Onar, V.; Stockhammer, P.W.; Krause, J.; Boldgiv, B.; Undrakhbold, S.; Erdenebaatar, D.; Lepetz, S.; Mashkour, M.; Ludwig, A.; Wallner, B.; Merz, V.; Merz, I.; Zaibert, V.; Willerslev, E.; Librado, P.; Outram, A.K.; Orlando, L. |
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Title |
Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses |
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2018 |
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Science |
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360 |
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6384 |
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111-114 |
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The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5,500 ya, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient and modern horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski's horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4,000 ya to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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6212 |
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Guidi, A.; Lanata, A.; Valenza, G.; Scilingo, E.P.; Baragli, P. |
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Validation of smart textile electrodes for electrocardiogram monitoring in free-moving horses |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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J. Vet. Behav. |
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17 |
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19-23 |
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This article focuses on the validation of smart textile electrodes used to acquire electrocardiogram (ECG) signals in horses in a comfortable and robust manner. The performance of smart textile electrodes is compared with standard Ag/AgCl electrodes in terms of the percentage of motion artifacts (MAs, the noise that results from the movement of electrodes against the skin) and signal quality. Seven healthy Standardbred mares were equipped with 2 identical electronic systems for the simultaneous collection of ECGs. One system was equipped with smart textile electrodes, whereas the second was equipped with standard Ag/AgCl electrodes. Each horse was then monitored individually in a stall for 1 hour, without any movement constraints. The ECGs were visually examined by an expert who blindly labeled the ECG segments that had been corrupted by MAs. Finally, the percentage of MAs (MA%) was computed as the number of samples of the corrupted segments over the whole length of the signal. The total MA% was found to be lower for the smart textiles than for the Ag/AgCl electrodes. Consistent results were also obtained by investigating MAs over time. These results suggest that smart textile electrodes are more reliable when recording artifact-free ECGs in horses at rest. Thus, improving the acquisition of important physiological information related to the activity of the autonomic nervous system, such as heart rate variability, could help to provide reliable information on the mood and state of arousal of horses. |
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Elsevier |
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doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.10.001 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6213 |
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Siniscalchi, M.; Padalino, B.; Aubé, L.; Quaranta, A. |
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Title |
Right-nostril use during sniffing at arousing stimuli produces higher cardiac activity in jumper horses |
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2015 |
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Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition |
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Laterality |
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20 |
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4 |
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483-500 |
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Lateralization in horses, Equus caballus, has been reported at both motor and sensory levels. Here we investigated left- and right-nostril use in 12 jumper horses freely sniffing different emotive stimuli. Results revealed that during sniffing at adrenaline and oestrus mare urine stimuli, horses showed a clear right-nostril bias while just a tendency in the use of the right nostril was observed during sniffing of other odours (food, cotton swab and repellent). Sniffing at adrenaline and urine odours was also accompanied by increasing cardiac activity and behavioural reactivity strengthening the role of the right hemisphere in the analysis of intense emotion and sexual behaviour. |
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Routledge |
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doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2015.1005629 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6208 |
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Collins, G.H.; Petersen, S.L.; Carr, C.A.; Pielstick, L. |
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Testing VHF/GPS Collar Design and Safety in the Study of Free-Roaming Horses |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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9 |
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9 |
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e103189 |
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Effective and safe monitoring techniques are needed by U.S. land managers to understand free-roaming horse behavior and habitat use and to aid in making informed management decisions. Global positioning system (GPS) and very high frequency (VHF) radio collars can be used to provide high spatial and temporal resolution information for detecting free-roaming horse movement. GPS and VHF collars are a common tool used in wildlife management, but have rarely been used for free-roaming horse research and monitoring in the United States. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the design, safety, and detachment device on GPS/VHF collars used to collect free-roaming horse location and movement data. Between 2009 and 2010, 28 domestic and feral horses were marked with commercial and custom designed VHF/GPS collars. Individual horses were evaluated for damage caused by the collar placement, and following initial observations, collar design was modified to reduce the potential for injury. After collar modifications, which included the addition of collar length adjustments to both sides of the collar allowing for better alignment of collar and neck shapes, adding foam padding to the custom collars to replicate the commercial collar foam padding, and repositioning the detachment device to reduce wear along the jowl, we observed little to no evidence of collar wear on horses. Neither custom-built nor commercial collars caused injury to study horses, however, most of the custom-built collars failed to collect data. During the evaluation of collar detachment devices, we had an 89% success rate of collar devices detaching correctly. This study showed that free-roaming horses can be safely marked with GPS and/or VHF collars with minimal risk of injury, and that these collars can be a useful tool for monitoring horses without creating a risk to horse health and wellness. |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6209 |
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Bailey, D |
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Title |
Dominance Hierarchies in Horses: Comparing and Contrasting Different Methods for Assessing Hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado |
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5 |
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3 |
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Understanding animal social structures is imperative when it comes to the care, housing and handling of large herd animals. Knowing how hierarchies are structured, along with environmental and physiological aspects that may affect them, will allow owners and breeders to house and care for their animals. The aim of my study was to better understand two methods used to assess dominance hierarchies in horses, Equus caballus, and to predict which method would be more useful for owners housing domestic horses. I designed an experiment where I compared a structured method, the paired feeding test, with behavioral observations from the horses’ natural setting. I hypothesized that the structured method would not conclude the same dominance hierarchy as the natural observations. I also hypothesized that traits of the horses, such as size or age, would correlate with the hierarchy ranking within a herd. A herd of six individual horses from a small ranch east of Platteville, Colorado was used to test the two methods. I found that the two methods measured different hierarchies. The paired feeding test showed no correlations to any of the physical measurements, as well as did not provide a hierarchy that was similar to the natural dominance observations of the horses. Natural observations established a more linear hierarchy and had significant correlations with weight and overall body size. The results indicate that the paired feeding test may not be a valid method for establishing dominance hierarchies within domestic horses housed in a small range.
I recommend use of natural observations over paired feeding tests for ranchers, breeders or owners trying to understand the dominance hierarchies among their herds. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6204 |
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Leiner, L. |
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Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Angstextinktion bei Pferden |
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2006 |
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Pferde sind Fluchttiere. Ihr Fluchtinstinkt bewirkt, dass sie sich leicht erschrecken und auch in
diversen Situationen mit Flucht reagieren. Diese Tatsache ist den meisten Reitern bekannt,
nur ist es für den Menschen teilweise schwer, mit dieser Eigenschaft auszukommen und sie zu
verstehen oder gar nachzuvollziehen. So kommt es häufig zu Unfällen, die aus der Angst der
Pferde resultieren, jedoch vermeidbar gewesen wären, hätte man ankündigende Signale früher
erkannt. Des Weiteren kann die Angst eines Pferdes auch durch eine (Ver-) Weigerung,
bestimmte Dinge zu tun, sichtbar werden. Diese Weigerung wird in der Reiterei gerne als
„Bockigkeit“ und „Ungehorsam“ des Pferdes interpretiert und führt nicht selten zu einer
Bestrafung. Insgesamt kann man sagen, dass angstauslösende Reize und die Reaktionen des
Pferdes darauf oft falsch eingeschätzt oder falsch interpretiert werden und in der Folge auch
falsch damit umgegangen wird. Ein Grund dafür ist sicher das fehlende Wissen über das
Verhalten des Pferdes. Mit der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden,
das Pferd in seinem Angstverhalten besser zu verstehen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, das Verhalten
des Pferdes bei verschiedenen Intensitäten von Angst zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren wurden
Methoden untersucht, mit denen man die Angst von Pferden vor bestimmten Reizen und
Situationen potentiell lindern kann, was letztendlich auch der Unfallvorbeugung dient.
Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit wurde am Haupt- und Landesgestüt Marbach durchgeführt; 24
Junghengste standen hierfür zur Verfügung. Darunter waren 18 Deutsche Warmblüter, 3
Vollblutaraber und 3 Schwarzwälder Füchse (Kaltblüter), somit war auch ein Rassenvergleich
möglich.
In einem ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde untersucht, wie sich Angst bei Pferden äußert. Hierfür
wurde ausgenutzt, dass Pferde ganz generell vor unbekannten, neuen Gegenständen Angst
haben (= Neophobie). Zur Angstauslösung dienten als Konfrontationsgegenstände ein
Sonnenschirm und eine Plastikplane. Beide Gegenstände waren für die Testpferde unbekannt.
Das Verhalten sowie die Herzrate der Tiere wurden während aller Versuche beobachtet und
quantifiziert. Nacheiner ersten Konfrontation wurden die Pferde an die Objekte gewöhnt
(Extinktionstraining = Angstlöschung) und beobachtet welche Verhaltensymptome sich
während dieser Gewöhnung (= Verlust der Neophobie) verändern. Die Hypothese war, dass
tatsächliche Angstsymptome während der Gewöhnung immer seltener zu beobachten sind.
Zusammenfassung III
Als Verhaltensweisen für Angst konnten Ausweichbewegungen und Flucht, Lautäußerungen
(Prusten und Schnauben), das Anspannen der Halsmuskulatur sowie das Vordrücken der
Oberlippe identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass Abstufungen im
Angstverhalten möglich sind: Bei sehr hohem Angstlevel sind Fluchtreaktionen zu
beobachten. Bei mittlerem Angstlevel treten Ausweichbewegungen im Schritt und
Lautäußerungen (Prusten und Schnauben) auf, bei geringem Angstlevel wird die
Halsmuskulatur angespannt und die Oberlippe vorgedrückt.
Im Zweiten Teil der Arbeit sollten verschiedene Methoden zur Angst-Extinktionauf ihre
Wirksamkeit hin untersucht werden. Verwendet wurde in verschiedenen Testgruppen die
Methode der Desensibilisierung (d.h. leichte, schrittweise stärker werdende Exposition
gegenüber dem angstauslösenden Reiz), die Desensibilisierung mit Gegenkonditionierung
(positive Verstärkung) durch Streicheln bzw. Reiben des Halses und die Desensibilisierung
mit Gegenkonditionierung durch Futterbelohnung. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten Pferde, die
ohne eine Konfrontation mit dem angstauslösenden Reiz nur über den Versuchplatz geführt
wurden.
Während des Extinktionstrainings konnte beobachtet werden, dass die Desensibilisierung mit
Gegenkonditionierung zu einer schnelleren Extinktion führt als ohne Gegenkonditionierung.
Allerdings zeigte ein Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe, die das Extinktionstraining nicht
erfahren hatte, den gleichen Verlust an Angstverhalten wie die Gruppen mit Extinktionstraining.
Dieses Ergebnis wurde so interpretiert, dass die wiederholte Exposition gegenüber
angstauslösenden Reizen bei den durchgeführten Verhaltenstests zwar eine Rolle spielt, doch
dass auch allein die Beschäftigung mit den Tieren zu einem Verlust von Angstverhalten führt
(wahrscheinlich auch aufgrund eines wachsenden Vertrauens zur Führperson, die über das
komplette Experiment hin die Gleiche blieb). |
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Diploma thesis |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6205 |
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Petersen, J.L.; Mickelson, J.R.; Cothran, E.G.; Andersson, L.S.; Axelsson, J.; Bailey, E.; Bannasch, D.; Binns, M.M.; Borges, A.S.; Brama, P.; da Câmara Machado, A.; Distl, O.; Felicetti, M.; Fox-Clipsham, L.; Graves, K.T.; Guérin, G.; Haase, B.; Hasegawa, T.; Hemmann, K.; Hill, E.W.; Leeb, T.; Lindgren, G.; Lohi, H.; Lopes, M.S.; McGivney, B.A.; Mikko, S.; Orr, N.; Penedo, M.C.T.; Piercy, R.J.; Raekallio, M.; Rieder, S.; Røed, K.H.; Silvestrelli, M.; Swinburne, J.; Tozaki, T.; Vaudin, M.; M. Wade, C.; McCue, M.E. |
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Title |
Genetic Diversity in the Modern Horse Illustrated from Genome-Wide SNP Data |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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8 |
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1 |
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e54997 |
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Horses were domesticated from the Eurasian steppes 5,000-6,000 years ago. Since then, the use of horses for transportation, warfare, and agriculture, as well as selection for desired traits and fitness, has resulted in diverse populations distributed across the world, many of which have become or are in the process of becoming formally organized into closed, breeding populations (breeds). This report describes the use of a genome-wide set of autosomal SNPs and 814 horses from 36 breeds to provide the first detailed description of equine breed diversity. FST calculations, parsimony, and distance analysis demonstrated relationships among the breeds that largely reflect geographic origins and known breed histories. Low levels of population divergence were observed between breeds that are relatively early on in the process of breed development, and between those with high levels of within-breed diversity, whether due to large population size, ongoing outcrossing, or large within-breed phenotypic diversity. Populations with low within-breed diversity included those which have experienced population bottlenecks, have been under intense selective pressure, or are closed populations with long breed histories. These results provide new insights into the relationships among and the diversity within breeds of horses. In addition these results will facilitate future genome-wide association studies and investigations into genomic targets of selection. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6214 |
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Pirault, P.; Danvy, S.; Verrier, E.; Leroy, G. |
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Genetic Structure and Gene Flows within Horses: A Genealogical Study at the French Population Scale |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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8 |
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4 |
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e61544 |
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Since horse breeds constitute populations submitted to variable and multiple outcrossing events, we analyzed the genetic structure and gene flows considering horses raised in France. We used genealogical data, with a reference population of 547,620 horses born in France between 2002 and 2011, grouped according to 55 breed origins. On average, individuals had 6.3 equivalent generations known. Considering different population levels, fixation index decreased from an overall species FIT of 1.37%, to an average of -0.07% when considering the 55 origins, showing that most horse breeds constitute populations without genetic structure. We illustrate the complexity of gene flows existing among horse breeds, a few populations being closed to foreign influence, most, however, being submitted to various levels of introgression. In particular, Thoroughbred and Arab breeds are largely used as introgression sources, since those two populations explain together 26% of founder origins within the overall horse population. When compared with molecular data, breeds with a small level of coancestry also showed low genetic distance; the gene pool of the breeds was probably impacted by their reproducer exchanges. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6215 |
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Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I. |
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Evidence for coevolution of sociality and relative brain size in three orders of mammals |
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2007 |
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Evolution |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Pérez-Barbería2007 |
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