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| Author |
Bannikov, A.G. |
| Title |
Recent status of the wild ass in Mongolia |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
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IUCN Bulletin |
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6 |
Issue |
4 |
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16 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2219 |
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| Author |
Carson, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
| Title |
Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam--Foal behaviour |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
165-178 |
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In most cases, the social organisation of each of the seven species of Equidae existing today outside captivity is either territorial or non-territorial. The striking differences found between these two types of organisation in the social grouping and bonds, mating behaviour, leadership and dominance hierarchies of the animals are examined. It is thought that the non-territorial species show a less primitive type of organisation than the territorial animals. Infant Equidae are precocious animals and are able to follow their dams soon after birth. They stay close by their dams and travel with the herd from an early age and are therefore classified as “followers”, in contrast to the species which have a period of hiding after birth. Dams recognise their foals immediately after birth, whereas it takes 2 or 3 days for a foal to form an attachment to its dam. Being in close proximity to their dams, foals are able to nurse frequently and, unless artificially weaned, a foal will nurse until its dam foals again. Foals start to graze during their first week and as they grow older they spend more time grazing and less time nursing and resting. It is normal for foals to be corprophagic until one month old, and this provides them with bacteria essential for the digestion of fibre. Play behaviour is solitary in very young foals, but after 4 weeks of age, foals play together, with male foals playing more than females and showing more aggressive, fighting movements in play. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2253 |
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| Author |
Castley, J.G.; Knight, M.H. |
| Title |
Population status of plains zebra, Equus burchelli, in South African National Parks. |
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1997 |
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Scientific Services, National Parks Board |
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Kimberley, South Africa. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2254 |
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| Author |
Chu, G.Z., et al |
| Title |
The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |
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| Year |
1985 |
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Acta Zoologica Sinica |
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Acta Zoologica Sinica |
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31 |
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2 |
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178-186 |
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Chineese |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2258 |
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| Author |
Joubert, E.; Louw, G.N. |
| Title |
Preliminary observations on the digestive and renal efficiency of Hartmann's zebra Equus zebra hartmannae. |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Madoqua |
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Madoqua |
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10 |
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119-121 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2306 |
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| Author |
Eisenberg, J.F.; Kleiman, D.G. |
| Title |
Olfactory Communication in Mammals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annu Rev Ecol Systemat |
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3 |
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1 |
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1-32 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Eisenberg1972 |
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2316 |
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Kruger, K.; Gaillard, C.; Stranzinger, G.; Rieder, S. |
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Phylogenetic analysis and species allocation of individual equids using microsatellite data |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics |
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122 |
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s1 |
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78-86 |
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Summary The taxonomic status of all equid species is not completely unravelled. This is of practical relevance for conservation initiatives of endangered, fragmented equid populations, such as the Asiatic wild asses (in particular Equus hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan). In this study, a marker panel consisting of 31 microsatellite loci was used to assess species demarcation and phylogeny, as well as allocation of individuals (n = 120) to specific populations of origin (n = 11). Phylogenetic analysis revealed coalescence times comparable with those previously published from fossil records and mtDNA data. Using Bayesian approaches, it was possible to distinguish between the studied equids, although individual assignment levels varied. The observed results support the maintenance of separate captive conservation herds for E. hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan. The first molecular genetic results for E. hemionus luteus remained contradictory, as they unexpectedly indicated a closer genetic relationship between E. hemionus luteus and E. kiang holderi compared with the other hemiones. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2334 |
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Maloiy, G.M.; Boarer, C.D. |
| Title |
Response of the Somali donkey to dehydration: hematological changes |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Am J Physio |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Physiol |
| Volume |
221 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-41 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2344 |
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| Author |
Sigurjónsdóttir , H.; van Dierendonck, M.C.; Snorrason, S.; Thórhallsdóttir, A.G. |
| Title |
Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
140 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
783-804 |
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1. The social relationships in a group of Icelandic horses without a mature stallion were studied. The horses were all familiar to each other. Mutual grooming and play relationships, spatial associations, dominance-subordinate relations and the effect of kinship on these relationships were analysed.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 2. The social structure was clearly dominated by the behaviour of the adult mares. The horses preferred to form bonds within their social class (sex/age) and they kept close proximity with their friends. The group was effectively divided into two social subgroups, adult mares as one group and adult geldings and sub-adults as another group. The sub-adults and adult geldings formed associations, which were based on mutual grooming and play, while the adult mares did not play. Differences between the sexes were evident. Males played more than the females, had more playing partners and were more popular as playmates.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 3. Aggression rates were low. The dominance hierarchy was linear. Adult mares ranked higher than adult geldings, sub-adults and the foals. Rank was significantly correlated with age. The closer the adult mares were in rank, the more they groomed with each other. Such relationships were not found amongst the other social group.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 4. Kinship was calculated between all pairs of animals for up to 4 or 5 generations. Allogrooming and play frequencies and proximity were all positively correlated with kinship. Adult mares, which were close in the dominance hierarchy, were on average more related than those further apart.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 5. The social relationships in the Icelandic herd were, to some extent, different from relationships reported from unmanaged and feral horse-herds with mature stallions and bachelors. Our results suggest that adult mares groom more in groups without a stallion. Furthermore, they have more preferred partners than in natural harems and their partners are other adult mares, not their weaned offspring as seems to be the case in feral herds. The sub-adults also seem to be more socially active in the absence of stallions. Interestingly, in the Icelandic group, the adult mares showed stallion like behaviours, like mounting and protecting foals. Only by studying the behaviour and the nature of the relationships of horses in groups of different compositions, can we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding about individual social strategies and cognitive capabilities of the species. Such knowledge is valuable for management and welfare of the horse. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2363 |
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Mills, M.G.L.; Shenk, M.G.L. |
| Title |
Predator--Prey Relationships: The Impact of Lion Predation on Wildebeest and Zebra Populations |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
The Journal of Animal Ecology |
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T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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61 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
693-702 |
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1. The role of lion Panthera leo predation in the dynamics of blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and zebra Equus burchelli populations was investigated through simulation models. The data used in the models were from intensive observations over 4 years in the south-east of the Kruger National Park. 2. Population estimates of wildebeest and zebra were made from aerial surveys, sex and age ratios from ground counts. Lion numbers were determined from observations of marked and radio-collared animals. Predation was studied by following lions for continuous periods of up to 336 h. 3. Two models were constructed. Model 1 ascertained the number of killing lions (adult females) that could be supported by each prey population while remaining stable. A single model was constructed for the sedentary wildebeest population. A summer and winter model was constructed for the semi-migratory zebra population. The sensitivity of the parameters in the model was tested by changing their value by 10%. In model 2, the kill age structure for each species was changed to determine the number of killing lions the altered prey selection parameters could support. 4. There was no difference in the vulnerability of either species to predation. Zebra foals (<1 year) were killed more frequently than expected. No selection for sex or by season could be found for either species. 5. Model 1 predicted that the wildebeest population stabilizes with 7.7 killing lions, close to the number in the study area. The winter zebra population stabilizes with 6.8 killing lions and the summer zebra population with 19.4. Manipulation of kill rate followed by adult fecundity rate had the greatest effect on population size of both species. In model 2, wildebeest predation was made selective towards calves and zebra predation was made non-selective for sex and age. With these parameters the wildebeest population stabilizes with 10.7 killing lions and the zebra population with 5.4 in winter and 15.1 in summer. 6. The models suggest that lion predation affected wildebeest more severely than zebra during the study. This was through the way in which lions selected their prey, and because of the sedentary behaviour of the wildebeest, as opposed to the semi-migratory behaviour of the zebra. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2376 |
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