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Author |
Johnson, D.D.P.; Stopka, P.; Knights, S. |
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Title |
Sociology: The puzzle of human cooperation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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Volume |
421 |
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6926 |
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911-2; discussion 912 |
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Altruism; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; Humans; *Models, Biological; Punishment; Reward; Risk |
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Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. dominic@post.harvard.edu |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:12606989 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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467 |
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Author |
Knopff, K.; Pavelka, M. |
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Title |
Feeding Competition and Group Size in Alouatta pigra |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1059-1078 |
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Keywords |
Alouatta pigra – ecological constraints – group size – infanticide – social constraints |
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Abstract |
Researchers consider group size in primates to be determined by complex relationships among numerous ecological forces. Antipredator benefits and better resource defense are the primary pressures for large groups. Conversely, intragroup limited food availability, can result in greater intragroup feeding competition and individual energy expenditure in larger groups, creating energetic advantages for individuals in small groups and placing an upper limit group size. However, the extent to which food availability constrains group size remains unclear for many species, including black howlers (Alouatta pigra), which ubiquitously live in small social groups (≤10 individuals). We studied the relationship between group size and 2 key indices of feeding competition-day journey length and activity budgets in 3 groups of wild Alouatta pigra at a hurricane-damaged site in Belize, Central America. We controlled for differences in food availability between home ranges (food tree density) and compared both indicators of feeding competition directly with temporal variation in food availability for each group. Our results show no consistent association between resource availability, group size, and either index of competition, indicating that feeding competition does not limit group size at the site i.e., that larger groups can form without increased costs of feeding competition. The results support the search for other explanations, possibly social ones, for small group size in the primates, and we conclude with suggestions and evidence for such alternative explanations. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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808 |
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Author |
Galloux, P.; Barrey, E. |
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Title |
Components of the total kinetic moment in jumping horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Issue |
23 |
Pages |
41-44 |
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Keywords |
Algorithms; Animals; Exertion/*physiology; Female; Gravitation; Horses/*physiology; Kinetics; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; Movement/*physiology; Video Recording |
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Abstract |
Thirty horses were filmed with a panning camera operating at 50 frames/s as they jumped over a 1.20 x 1.20 m fence. The markers of 9 joints on the horse and 7 joints on the rider were tracked in 2D with the TrackEye system. The centre of gravity and moment of inertia of each segment were calculated using a geometric algorithm and a cylindric model, respectively. The kinetic moment of each part of the horse was calculated after filtering, and resampling of data. This method showed the relative contribution of each body segment to the body overall rotation during the take-off, jump and landing phases. It was found that the trunk, hindlimbs and head-neck had the greatest influence. The coordination between the motion of the body segments allowed the horse to control its angular speed of rotation over the fence. This remained nearly constant during the airborne phase (120 +/- 5 degrees/s). During the airborne phase, the kinetic moment was constant because its value was equal to the moment of the external forces (722 +/- 125 kg x m2/s). |
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Ecole Nationale d'Equitation, Terrefort, Saumur, France |
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PMID:9354287 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3797 |
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Author |
Detmer, D. |
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Title |
Response: of pigs and primitive notions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Between the Species : a Journal of Ethics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Between Species |
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8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
203-208 |
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Keywords |
Agriculture; *Animal Rights; Animals; *Animals, Genetically Modified; Humans; Self Concept; Stress, Psychological; Genetics and Reproduction |
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PMID:12091951; KIE: 9 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: genetic intervention |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4156 |
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Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K.; Wantia, J. |
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Title |
Individual variation by self-organisation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
125-136 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Female; Humans; *Individuality; Male; Models, Psychological; Sex Characteristics; *Social Dominance; Time Factors |
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In this paper, we show that differences in dominance and spatial centrality of individuals in a group may arise through self-organisation. Our instrument is a model, called DomWorld, that represents two traits that are often found in animals, namely grouping and competing. In this model individual differences grow under the following conditions: (1) when the intensity of aggression increases and grouping becomes denser, (2) when the degree of sexual dimorphism in fighting power increases. In this case the differences among females compared to males grow too, (3) when, upon encountering another individual, the tendency to attack is 'obligate' and not conditional, namely 'sensitive to risks'. Results resemble phenomena described for societies of primates, mice, birds and pigs. |
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Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, NN Haren, The Netherlands. hemelrij@ifi.unizh.ch |
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0149-7634 |
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PMID:15652260 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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443 |
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Cattell, R.B.; Korth, B. |
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Title |
The isolation of temperament dimensions in dogs |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1973 |
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Behavioral Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Biol |
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9 |
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1 |
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15-30 |
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Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Biometry; Body Weight; *Dogs; Emotions; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Heart Rate; Humans; Intelligence; Male; Models, Psychological; *Personality; Problem Solving; Social Behavior |
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0091-6773 |
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PMID:4738708 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4140 |
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Author |
Grosenick, L.; Clement, T.S.; Fernald, R.D. |
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Title |
Fish can infer social rank by observation alone |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
445 |
Issue |
7126 |
Pages |
429-432 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/physiology; Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Fishes/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Dominance; Territoriality |
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Transitive inference (TI) involves using known relationships to deduce unknown ones (for example, using A > B and B > C to infer A > C), and is thus essential to logical reasoning. First described as a developmental milestone in children, TI has since been reported in nonhuman primates, rats and birds. Still, how animals acquire and represent transitive relationships and why such abilities might have evolved remain open problems. Here we show that male fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) can successfully make inferences on a hierarchy implied by pairwise fights between rival males. These fish learned the implied hierarchy vicariously (as 'bystanders'), by watching fights between rivals arranged around them in separate tank units. Our findings show that fish use TI when trained on socially relevant stimuli, and that they can make such inferences by using indirect information alone. Further, these bystanders seem to have both spatial and featural representations related to rival abilities, which they can use to make correct inferences depending on what kind of information is available to them. Beyond extending TI to fish and experimentally demonstrating indirect TI learning in animals, these results indicate that a universal mechanism underlying TI is unlikely. Rather, animals probably use multiple domain-specific representations adapted to different social and ecological pressures that they encounter during the course of their natural lives. |
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Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA. logang@stanford.edu |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:17251980 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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600 |
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Author |
Bell, A.M. |
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Title |
Evolutionary biology: animal personalities |
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2007 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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447 |
Issue |
7144 |
Pages |
539-540 |
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Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; *Models, Biological; Personality/genetics/*physiology; Reproduction/genetics/physiology; Risk-Taking; Selection (Genetics) |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:17538607 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4099 |
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Author |
Wolf, M.; van Doorn, G.S.; Leimar, O.; Weissing, F.J. |
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Title |
Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
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447 |
Issue |
7144 |
Pages |
581-584 |
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Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Evolution; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Models, Biological; Personality/*physiology; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Reproduction/physiology; Risk-Taking; Selection (Genetics) |
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Abstract |
In recent years evidence has been accumulating that personalities are not only found in humans but also in a wide range of other animal species. Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural tendencies and the behaviour in one context is correlated with the behaviour in multiple other contexts. From an adaptive perspective, the evolution of animal personalities is still a mystery, because a more flexible structure of behaviour should provide a selective advantage. Accordingly, many researchers view personalities as resulting from constraints imposed by the architecture of behaviour (but see ref. 12). In contrast, we show here that animal personalities can be given an adaptive explanation. Our argument is based on the insight that the trade-off between current and future reproduction often results in polymorphic populations in which some individuals put more emphasis on future fitness returns than others. Life-history theory predicts that such differences in fitness expectations should result in systematic differences in risk-taking behaviour. Individuals with high future expectations (who have much to lose) should be more risk-averse than individuals with low expectations. This applies to all kinds of risky situations, so individuals should consistently differ in their behaviour. By means of an evolutionary model we demonstrate that this basic principle results in the evolution of animal personalities. It simultaneously explains the coexistence of behavioural types, the consistency of behaviour through time and the structure of behavioural correlations across contexts. Moreover, it explains the common finding that explorative behaviour and risk-related traits like boldness and aggressiveness are common characteristics of animal personalities. |
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Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:17538618 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4098 |
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Author |
Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
213-228 |
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Aggression/*psychology; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological |
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Abstract |
This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition. |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:9057966 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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203 |
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