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Author Sih, A.; Bell, A.; Johnson, J.C. url  openurl
  Title Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Trends in Ecology & Evolution Abbreviated Journal Trends. Ecol. Evol  
  Volume 19 Issue 7 Pages 372-378  
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  Abstract Recent studies suggest that populations and species often exhibit behavioral syndromes; that is, suites of correlated behaviors across situations. An example is an aggression syndrome where some individuals are more aggressive, whereas others are less aggressive across a range of situations and contexts. The existence of behavioral syndromes focuses the attention of behavioral ecologists on limited (less than optimal) behavioral plasticity and behavioral carryovers across situations, rather than on optimal plasticity in each isolated situation. Behavioral syndromes can explain behaviors that appear strikingly non-adaptive in an isolated context (e.g. inappropriately high activity when predators are present, or excessive sexual cannibalism). Behavioral syndromes can also help to explain the maintenance of individual variation in behavioral types, a phenomenon that is ubiquitous, but often ignored. Recent studies suggest that the behavioral type of an individual, population or species can have important ecological and evolutionary implications, including major effects on species distributions, on the relative tendencies of species to be invasive or to respond well to environmental change, and on speciation rates. Although most studies of behavioral syndromes to date have focused on a few organisms, mainly in the laboratory, further work on other species, particularly in the field, should yield numerous new insights.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2185  
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Author Berger, J.; Cunningham, C. doi  openurl
  Title Influence of Familiarity on Frequency of Inbreeding in Wild Horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Evolution Abbreviated Journal Evolution  
  Volume 41 Issue Pages 229-231  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2232  
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Author Dellert, B.; Ganslosser, U. url  openurl
  Title Experimental alterations of food distribution in two species of captive equids (Equus burchelli and E. hemionus kulan) Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE) Abbreviated Journal Ethol Ecol Evol  
  Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 1-17  
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  Abstract n one group each of Plains zebra (six mares, one foal, one subadult) and Asiatic wild asses (seven mares, two foals) at Nuremberg Zoo, food distribution was experimentally changed from clumped (all food in one standard hay rack) to dispersed (one heap per animal). Both groups were characterized by different social structures, which basically remained during the experiment. Plains zebras had an individually structured system of social relationships in a dominance order, wild asses a more egalitarian system without clear-cut rank differences and low frequencies of agonistic interactions. Access to food accordingly was individually (but consistently) different for zebra mares, almost equal for wild ass mares. During the dispersed feeding situation frequencies of agonistic interactions in both species decreased (however non-significantly), individual distances increased but mares also frequently ''visited'' each others' heaps. Feeding time increased for all wild ass mares. Some individuals (in both groups) behaved ''against the trend'' in agonistic behaviour. The results are discussed with regard to food distribution for ungulates in general, and equid social systems.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2292  
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Author Podos, J. url  openurl
  Title Early perspectives on the evolution of behavior: Charles Otis Whitman and Oskar Heinroth Type Journal Article
  Year 1964 Publication Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE) Abbreviated Journal Ethol Ecol Evol  
  Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 467-480  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2293  
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Author Dukas, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Evolutionary Biology Of Animal Cognition Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 347-374  
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  Abstract This review focuses on five key evolutionary issues pertaining to animal cognition, defined as the neuronal processes concerned with the acquisition, retention, and use of information. Whereas the use of information, or decision making, has been relatively well examined by students of behavior, evolutionary aspects of other cognitive traits that affect behavior, including perception, learning, memory, and attention, are less well understood. First, there is ample evidence for genetically based individual variation in cognitive traits, although much of the information for some traits comes from humans. Second, several studies documented positive association between cognitive abilities and performance measures linked to fitness. Third, information on the evolution of cognitive traits is available primarily for color vision and decision making. Fourth, much of the data on plasticity of cognitive traits appears to reflect nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity, perhaps because few evolutionary analyses of cognitive plasticity have been carried out. Nonetheless, several studies suggest that cognitive traits show adaptive plasticity, and at least one study documented genetically based individual variation in plasticity. Fifth, whereas assertions that cognition has played a central role in animal evolution are not supported by currently available data, theoretical considerations indicate that cognition may either increase or decrease the rate of evolutionary change.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2970  
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Author Rankin, D.J.; Lopez-Sepulcre, A.; Foster, K.R.; Kokko, H. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Species-level selection reduces selfishness through competitive exclusion Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Journal of Evolutionary Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages 1459-1468  
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  Abstract Abstract Adaptation does not necessarily lead to traits which are optimal for the population. This is because selection is often the strongest at the individual or gene level. The evolution of selfishness can lead to a .tragedy of the commons., where traits such as aggression or social cheating reduce population size and may lead to extinction. This suggests that species-level selection will result whenever species differ in the incentive to be selfish. We explore this idea in a simple model that combines individual-level selection with ecology in two interacting species. Our model is not influenced by kin or trait-group selection. We find that individual selection in combination with competitive exclusion greatly increases the likelihood that selfish species go extinct. A simple example of this would be a vertebrate species that invests heavily into squabbles over breeding sites, which is then excluded by a species that invests more into direct reproduction. A multispecies simulation shows that these extinctions result in communities containing species that are much less selfish. Our results suggest that species-level selection and community dynamics play an important role in regulating the intensity of conflicts in natural populations.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4225  
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Author Fisher, D.O.; Blomberg, S.P.; Owens, I.P.F. doi  openurl
  Title Convergent Maternal Care Strategies In Ungulates And Macropods Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 56 Issue 1 Pages 167-176  
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  Abstract Mammals show extensive interspecific variation in the form of maternal care. Among ungulates, there is a dichotomy between species in which offspring follow the mother (“following” strategy) versus species in which offspring remain concealed (“hiding” strategy). Here we reveal that the same dichotomy exists among macropods (kangaroos, wallabies and allies). We test three traditional adaptive explanations and one new life history hypothesis, and find very similar patterns among both ungulates and macropods. The three traditional explanations that we tested were that a “following” strategy is associated with (1) open habitat, (2) large mothers, and (3) gregariousness. Our new life-history hypothesis is that a “following strategy” is associated with delayed weaning, and thus with the “slow” end of the slow-fast mammalian life-history continuum, because offspring devote resources to locomotion rather than rapid growth. Our comparative test strongly supports the habitat structure hypothesis and provides some support for this new delayed weaning hypothesis for both ungulates and macropods. We propose that sedentary young in closed habitats benefit energetically by having milk brought to them. In open habitats, predation pressure will select against hiding. Followers will suffer slower growth to independence. Taken together, therefore, our results provide the first quantitative evidence that macropods and ungulates are convergent with respect to interspecific variation in maternal care strategy. In both clades, differences between species in the form of parental care are due to a similar interaction between habitat, social behavior, and life history. Corresponding Editor: B. Crespi  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4252  
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Author Giraldeau, Luc-Alain url  isbn
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  Title The ecology of information use Type Book Chapter
  Year 1997 Publication Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Blackwell Science Place of Publication Cambridge, Mass. Editor Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B.  
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  ISSN ISBN 0865427313 9780865427310 Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 Serial 4277  
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Author Chance, M.R.A.; Mead, A.P openurl 
  Title Social behaviour and primate evolution. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, Type Journal Article
  Year 1953 Publication Evolution Abbreviated Journal Evolution  
  Volume 7 Issue Pages 395-439  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4786  
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Author Krueger, K. doi  openurl
  Title Social Ecology of Horses Type Book Chapter
  Year 2008 Publication Ecology of Social Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 195-206  
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  Abstract Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977)  
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  Publisher Springer Verlag Place of Publication Heidelberg Editor j. Korb and J. Heinze  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4387  
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