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Author Scherer, W.F.; Dickerman, R.W.
Title Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southeastern Mexico. 8. Correlations and conclusions Type Journal Article
Year 1972 Publication The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Abbreviated Journal Am J Trop Med Hyg
Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages 86-89
Keywords (up) Animals; Birds; Cattle; Chiroptera; Cricetinae; Culex; Culicidae; *Disease Reservoirs; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology; Encephalitis Viruses/*isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/*etiology; Horses; Humans; *Insect Vectors; Mammals; Mexico; Mice; Opossums; Rats; Swine
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ISSN 0002-9637 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:4399844 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2721
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Author Staunton, H.
Title Mammalian sleep Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Die Naturwissenschaften Abbreviated Journal Naturwissenschaften
Volume 92 Issue 5 Pages 203-220
Keywords (up) Animals; Brain/*physiology; Dreams/physiology; Electroencephalography; Humans; Mammals/*physiology; Sleep/*physiology; Sleep, REM/physiology; Wakefulness/physiology
Abstract This review examines the biological background to the development of ideas on rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), so-called paradoxical sleep (PS), and its relation to dreaming. Aspects of the phenomenon which are discussed include physiological changes and their anatomical location, the effects of total and selective sleep deprivation in the human and animal, and REM sleep behavior disorder, the latter with its clinical manifestations in the human. Although dreaming also occurs in other sleep phases (non-REM or NREM sleep), in the human, there is a contingent relation between REM sleep and dreaming. Thus, REM is taken as a marker for dreaming and as REM is distributed ubiquitously throughout the mammalian class, it is suggested that other mammals also dream. It is suggested that the overall function of REM sleep/dreaming is more important than the content of the individual dream; its function is to place the dreamer protagonist/observer on the topographical world. This has importance for the developing infant who needs to develop a sense of self and separateness from the world which it requires to navigate and from which it is separated for long periods in sleep. Dreaming may also serve to maintain a sense of 'I'ness or “self” in the adult, in whom a fragility of this faculty is revealed in neurological disorders.
Address Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland. hugh@iol.ie
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ISSN 0028-1042 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:15843983 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2796
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Author Gallistel, C.R.; Cramer, A.E.
Title Computations on metric maps in mammals: getting oriented and choosing a multi-destination route Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication The Journal of Experimental Biology Abbreviated Journal J Exp Biol
Volume 199 Issue Pt 1 Pages 211-217
Keywords (up) Animals; Brain/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cognition/*physiology; Humans; Mammals/*physiology; Movement; Orientation/*physiology; Rats; Space Perception; Visual Pathways/*physiology
Abstract The capacity to construct a cognitive map is hypothesized to rest on two foundations: (1) dead reckoning (path integration); (2) the perception of the direction and distance of terrain features relative to the animal. A map may be constructed by combining these two sources of positional information, with the result that the positions of all terrain features are represented in the coordinate framework used for dead reckoning. When animals need to become reoriented in a mapped space, results from rats and human toddlers indicate that they focus exclusively on the shape of the perceived environment, ignoring non-geometric features such as surface colors. As a result, in a rectangular space, they are misoriented half the time even when the two ends of the space differ strikingly in their appearance. In searching for a hidden object after becoming reoriented, both kinds of subjects search on the basis of the object's mapped position in the space rather than on the basis of its relationship to a goal sign (e.g. a distinctive container or nearby marker), even though they have demonstrably noted the relationship between the goal and the goal sign. When choosing a multidestination foraging route, vervet monkeys look at least three destinations ahead, even though they are only capable of keeping a maximum of six destinations in mind at once.
Address Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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ISSN 0022-0949 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8576692 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2757
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Author Hoogstraal, H.; Dhanda, V.; Bhat, H.R.
Title Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) davisi sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of domestic and wild mammals in Northeastern India, Sikkim, and Burma Type Journal Article
Year 1970 Publication The Journal of Parasitology Abbreviated Journal J Parasitol
Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 588-595
Keywords (up) Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/etiology; Deer; Ecology; Goats; Horse Diseases/etiology; Horses; India; Mammals; Myanmar; Sheep; Sheep Diseases/etiology; Tick Infestations; Ticks/*classification/isolation & purification
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ISSN 0022-3395 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:4246255 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2736
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Author Etienne, A.S.; Maurer, R.; Seguinot, V.
Title Path integration in mammals and its interaction with visual landmarks Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication The Journal of Experimental Biology Abbreviated Journal J Exp Biol
Volume 199 Issue Pt 1 Pages 201-209
Keywords (up) Animals; Cognition/physiology; Cricetinae; Gerbillinae; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Mammals/*physiology; Mesocricetus; Mice; Proprioception/physiology; Rats; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology
Abstract During locomotion, mammals update their position with respect to a fixed point of reference, such as their point of departure, by processing inertial cues, proprioceptive feedback and stored motor commands generated during locomotion. This so-called path integration system (dead reckoning) allows the animal to return to its home, or to a familiar feeding place, even when external cues are absent or novel. However, without the use of external cues, the path integration process leads to rapid accumulation of errors involving both the direction and distance of the goal. Therefore, even nocturnal species such as hamsters and mice rely more on previously learned visual references than on the path integration system when the two types of information are in conflict. Recent studies investigate the extent to which path integration and familiar visual cues cooperate to optimize the navigational performance.
Address Laboratoire d'Ethologie, FPSE, Universite de Geneve, Carouge, Switzerland
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ISSN 0022-0949 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8576691 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2758
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Author Novacek, M.J.
Title Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 356 Issue 6365 Pages 121-125
Keywords (up) Animals; Evolution; Fossils; Mammals/classification/*genetics; *Phylogeny
Abstract Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues.
Address American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:1545862 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3546
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Author Linklater, W.L.; Cameron, E.Z.; Stafford, K.J.; Veltman, C.J.
Title Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus: Equidae) Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication New Zealand Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal New Zealand J. Ecol.
Volume 24 Issue 2 Pages 139-152
Keywords (up) Bachelor male; Band; Density; Habitat use; Home range; Management proposals; Micro-climate; Vegetation monitoring; habitat use; home range; mammal; social structure; spatial distribution; New Zealand; Equus caballus
Abstract We measured horse density, social structure, habitat use, home ranges and altitudinal micro-climates in the south-western Kaimanawa ranges east of Waiouru, New Zealand. Horse density in the Auahitotara ecological sector averaged 3.6 horses.km-2 and ranged from 0.9 to 5.2 horses.km-2 within different zones. The population's social structure was like that of other feral horse populations with an even adult sex ratio, year round breeding groups (bands) with stable adult membership consisting of 1 to 11 mares, 1 to 4 stallions, and their predispersal offspring, and bachelor groups with unstable membership. Bands and bachelor males were loyal to undefended home ranges with central core use areas. Band home range sizes varied positively with adult band size. Home ranges overlapped entirely with other home ranges. Horses were more likely to occupy north facing aspects, short tussock vegetation and flush zones and avoid high altitudes, southern aspects, steeper slopes, bare ground and forest remnants. Horses were more likely to be on north facing aspects, steeper slopes, in exotic and red tussock grasslands and flush zones during winter and at lower altitudes and on gentler slopes in spring and summer. Seasonal shifts by bands to river basin and stream valley floors in spring and higher altitudes in autumn and winter are attributed to the beginning of foaling and mating in spring and formation of frost inversion layers in winter. Given horse habitat selectivity and the presence of other ungulate herbivores, results from present exclosures are likely to exaggerate the size of horse impacts on range vegetation. Proposals to manage the population by relocation and confinement are likely to modify current social structure and range use behaviour and may lead to the need for more intensive management in the longer term.
Address Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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ISSN 01106465 (Issn) ISBN Medium
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 12; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Linklater, W.L.; Ecology Group; Institute of Natural Resources; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, New Zealand; email: wlinklater@hotmail.com Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 793
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Author Apfelbach, R.; Blanchard, C.D.; Blanchard, R.J.; Hayes, R.A.; McGregor, I.S.
Title The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Abbreviated Journal
Volume 29 Issue 8 Pages 1123-1144
Keywords (up) Behavioral suppression; Defensive behavior; Endocrine effects; Neural effects; Predator odor; Small mammals
Abstract Prey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance and defense against predators. For many mammalian species this includes sensitivity towards predator-derived odors. The typical sources of such odors include predator skin and fur, urine, feces and anal gland secretions. Avoidance of predator odors has been observed in many mammalian prey species including rats, mice, voles, deer, rabbits, gophers, hedgehogs, possums and sheep. Field and laboratory studies show that predator odors have distinctive behavioral effects which include (1) inhibition of activity, (2) suppression of non-defensive behaviors such as foraging, feeding and grooming, and (3) shifts to habitats or secure locations where such odors are not present. The repellent effect of predator odors in the field may sometimes be of practical use in the protection of crops and natural resources, although not all attempts at this have been successful. The failure of some studies to obtain repellent effects with predator odors may relate to (1) mismatches between the predator odors and prey species employed, (2) strain and individual differences in sensitivity to predator odors, and (3) the use of predator odors that have low efficacy. In this regard, a small number of recent studies have suggested that skin and fur-derived predator odors may have a more profound lasting effect on prey species than those derived from urine or feces. Predator odors can have powerful effects on the endocrine system including a suppression of testosterone and increased levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone and ACTH. Inhibitory effects of predator odors on reproductive behavior have been demonstrated, and these are particularly prevalent in female rodent species. Pregnant female rodents exposed to predator odors may give birth to smaller litters while exposure to predator odors during early life can hinder normal development. Recent research is starting to uncover the neural circuitry activated by predator odors, leading to hypotheses about how such activation leads to observable effects on reproduction, foraging and feeding. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Address School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4565
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Author Nakagawa, S.; Waas, J.R.
Title 'O sibling, where art thou?' – A review of avian sibling recognition with respect to the mammalian literature Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 79 Issue 1 Pages 101-119
Keywords (up) Birds; Direct familiarisation; Indirect familiarisation; Individual recognition; Kin discrimination; Kin recognition; Mammals; Sibling recognition
Abstract Avian literature on sibling recognition is rare compared to that developed by mammalian researchers. We compare avian and mammalian research on sibling recognition to identify why avian work is rare, how approaches differ and what avian and mammalian researchers can learn from each other. Three factors: (1) biological differences between birds and mammals, (2) conceptual biases and (3) practical constraints, appear to influence our current understanding. Avian research focuses on colonial species because sibling recognition is considered adaptive where 'mixing potential' of dependent young is high; research on a wider range of species, breeding systems and ecological conditions is now needed. Studies of acoustic recognition cues dominate avian literature; other types of cues (e.g. visual, olfactory) deserve further attention. The effect of gender on avian sibling recognition has yet to be investigated; mammalian work shows that gender can have important influences. Most importantly, many researchers assume that birds recognise siblings through 'direct familiarisation' (commonly known as associative learning or familiarity); future experiments should also incorporate tests for 'indirect familiarisation' (commonly known as phenotype matching). If direct familiarisation proves crucial, avian research should investigate how periods of separation influence sibling discrimination. Mammalian researchers typically interpret sibling recognition in broad functional terms (nepotism, optimal outbreeding); some avian researchers more successfully identify specific and testable adaptive explanations, with greater relevance to natural contexts. We end by reporting exciting discoveries from recent studies of avian sibling recognition that inspire further interest in this topic.
Address Department of Biological Sciences, University Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 23 October 2008; Source: Scopus Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4567
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Author Barette, C.; Vandal, D.
Title Social rank, dominance, antler size, and access to food in snow-bound wild woodland caribou Type Journal Article
Year 1986 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 97 Issue 1-2 Pages 118-146
Keywords (up) Canada; Quebec; Artiodactyla; Social dominance; Feeding behavior; Morphology; Antler; Rangifer tarandus; North America; America; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata
Abstract We spent two winters studying the social behaviour of wild woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) at a time when their main food (ground lichens; Cladina sp.) is available only at snow craters dug by the animals. The competition for access to such craters was severe, the animals constantly trying to take over the craters of others. During a two-month period when a group maintained a constant size (20) and composition (all age-sex classes represented), we could rank the animals in a rather linear dominance hierarchy (Landau's index = 0.87). Rank was correlated with access to resources, percent of time spent active, and percent of time feeding in craters. It was also correlated with age and antler size. However, rank is not an attribute of individuals, but of a relationship between individuals. As such it is only an intervening variable between physical attributes and access to resources, a variable whose value has meaning only within a given group. Among the three attributes studied (age, sex, antler size), the latter was by far the best predictor of the occurrence and outcome of interactions. Between two individuals within any of the three age-sex classes studied (adult and yearling males and adult females), the one with larger antlers initiated significantly more often, escalated its aggression (to the point of hitting the target) less often, and enjoyed a higher success rate in obtaining resources. When their antlers were larger than those of an adult male target (i.e. males that had shed their antlers), adult females won almost all their interactions with adult males even though they escalated only one fourth of them. This clarifies the long-standing speculation that female caribou have antlers and shed them later than males, in order to overcome their sexual handicap in competition for food in the winter. We conclude that the link between rank and dominance of an individual on one hand, and some of its attributes on the other (e.g. sex, age, weight, antler size) is fundamentally realized by the animal itself through its active preference for targets it is likely to beat, i.e. targets with smaller antlers.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4269
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