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Author Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Shldeler, S.E.; Lasley, B.L.; Turner, J.W.J. openurl 
  Title Pregnancy determination in uncaptured feral horses by means of fecal steroid conjugates Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Theriogenology Abbreviated Journal Theriogenology  
  Volume 35 Issue 4 Pages 753-760  
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  Abstract This study was carried out to develop an accurate, rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing pregnancy in uncaptured feral horses by analysis of fecal steroid metabolites and to compare the accuracy of this method with diagnosis by urinary estrone conjugates (E(1)C). Paired urine and fecal samples were collected from 40 sexually mature feral mares during August and October. Urine samples were extracted directly from the soil and analyzed by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for E(1)C. Water extracts of fecal samples were assayed by EIA for E(1)C and nonspecific progesterone metabolites (iPdG). Urinary E(1)C, fecal E(1)C and fecal iPdG concentrations for seven mares which produced foals were 3.9 +/- 1.3 (SEM) mug/mg creatinine, 4.2 +/- 0.8 ng/g feces and 1.411 +/- 569.6 ng/g feces, respectively. Urinary E(1)C and fecal E(1)C and iPdG concentrations for the 33 mares which did not produce foals were 0.1 +/- 0.0 mug/mg creatinine and 0.5 +/- 0.1 and 32.8 +/- 4.5 ng/g feces, respectively. These differed (P < 0.01) from values in mares which produced foals.  
  Address Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Montana College Billings, MT 59101 USA  
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  ISSN 0093-691X ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16726944 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 146  
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Author Caanitz, H.; O'Leary, L.; Houpt, K.; Petersson, K.; Hintz, H. url  openurl
  Title Effect of exercise on equine behavior Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 31 Issue 1-2 Pages 1-12  
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  Abstract The effect of short periods of strenuous exertion, in this case treadmill exercise, on the subsequent behavior of Standardbred horses was examined. Six horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill 4 or 5 days per week, for 3-4 miles (approximately 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min, 5 m s-1 for 12 min, 9 m s-1 for 3 min, 3 m s-1 for 3 min, 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min). The behavior of the horses was observed in the horse's home stall immediately after exercise and 2-7 h after exercise. Focal animal sampling for a total of 150 h revealed that the horses spent significantly more time drinking and less time resting after exercise than they did on control (non-exercise or rest days). The greatest influence on behavior was seen immediately after exercise. The horses spent 13.2+/-2.7 s per 15 min drinking after exercise and 7.2+/-2.3 s per 15 min drinking on non-exercise days. They spent 7.3+/-1.5 min h-1 stand resting after exercise and 9.7+/-2.1 min h-1 on non-exercise days. These changes in behavior may be related to the physiological changes that accompany exercise. Eating, walking, elimination and self-grooming were not significantly influenced by exercise. In a second experiment the activities of two groups of six Standardbred mares were compared. One group was exercised on the treadmill and the other was not. The exercised horses spent more time drinking and lying, but urinated less than the non-exercised group.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1989  
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Author Kendrick, K.M. url  openurl
  Title How the sheep's brain controls the visual recognition of animals and humans Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 5008-5016  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2940  
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Author Povinelli DJ; Parks KA; Novak MA openurl 
  Title Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) attribute knowledge and ignorance to others? Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication J. Comp. Psychol. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 105 Issue Pages 318  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3032  
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Author Sakura O; Matsuzawa T openurl 
  Title Flexibility of wild chimpanzees nut-cracking behavior using stone hammers and anvils: an experimental analysis Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Ethology Abbreviated Journal Ethology  
  Volume 87 Issue Pages 237  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3038  
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.; Alfieri, M. doi  openurl
  Title Guppies and the TIT FOR TAT strategy: preference based on past interaction Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.  
  Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 243-246  
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  Abstract The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associate past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the “more cooperative” among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3397  
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Author Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J. url  openurl
  Title Selective grazing behaviour in horses: development of methodology and preliminary use of tests to measure individual grazing ability Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 30 Issue 3-4 Pages 203-221  
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  Abstract Methods are described to assess horses' selective grazing ability that includes choosing, sorting and the adaptive value of this behaviour. Choosing ability was tested by the experimenter presenting pairs of cut plant species that were then alternated at each presentation until the test horse had taken three bites of one of the plant pair. The results were analysed in relation to five measures of choosing behaviour: (1) the strength of the choice; (2) correspondence between first bite and the final choice; (3) constancy of the choice over a number of trials; (4) the comparison of the horses' ranking of the species over a number of trials; (5) the constancy of the linear arrangement of the plants over a number of trials. Sorting ability was tested using two methods. A mixture of two plant species was presented either in a clamp or loose in a trough. Results were based on number and weight of plant residues. The adaptive value of the behaviour related to the bitterness of toxic plants. This bitterness was represented in testing by quinine sulphate and a poisonous Senecio species. An extremely bitter substance “Bitrex” was also used in this context but was totally accepted by the horses. The horses' reactions to these substances were monitored using a behavioural score chart. The results from 12 horses revealed that the horses differed individually in their grazing ability. On this basis, the horses were classified as efficient, semi-efficient, or inefficient grazers. This finding has practical implications in deciding which horses may safely graze on pastures infested with toxic plants.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4230  
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Author Luescher, U.A.; McKeown, D.B.; Halip, J. openurl 
  Title Reviewing the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Vet. Med. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 86 Issue Pages 527-530  
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  Notes Cited By (since 1996): 17; Export Date: 21 October 2008 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4526  
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Author Mills, G. openurl 
  Title Kalahari Hyenas Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1991 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4884  
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Author Houpt, K.A. url  openurl
  Title Investigating equine ingestive, maternal, and sexual behavior in the field and in the laboratory Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 69 Issue 10 Pages 4161-4166  
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  Abstract Some of the techniques that may be used to study social, reproductive, and ingestive behavior in horses are described in this paper. One of the aspects of equine social behavior is the dominance hierarchy or patterns of agonistic behavior. Paired or group feeding from a single food source may be used to determine dominance hierarchies quickly. Focal animal studies of undisturbed groups of horses may also be used; this method takes longer, but may reveal affiliative as well as agonistic relationships among the horses. Reproductive behavior includes flehmen, the functional significance of which can be determined using combinations of field observations of harem groups and laboratory studies of stallions exposed to female urine or feces in the absence of the donor mare. Ingestive behavior may include food, salt, or water intake. Direct and indirect measurements of intake can be made and used to answer questions regarding the ability of horses to control their energy intake when the diet is diluted, the effect of feral equids on the ecology of an area, and the abilities of horses to compensate for dehydration and hypovolemia.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 667  
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