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Author Tiefenbacher, S.; Lee, B.; Meyer, J.S.; Spealman, R.D.
Title Noninvasive technique for the repeated sampling of salivary free cortisol in awake, unrestrained squirrel monkeys Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication American Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 69-75
Keywords (down) saliva; cortisol; squirrel monkey; sampling technique; Hpa
Abstract The use of noninvasive measures of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is of growing interest among preclinical and clinical investigators. This report describes a method for the repeated assessment of salivary free cortisol in awake, unrestrained squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) based on a saliva sampling technique previously developed for rhesus monkeys. Individually housed adult male squirrel monkeys were trained to chew on dental rope attached to a pole, from which saliva was extracted by centrifugation and analyzed for cortisol by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Eight of nine monkeys readily acquired the task, reliably providing adequate saliva samples for the assay. Salivary free cortisol levels were examined in these subjects under basal conditions and in response to two types of neuroendocrine challenge. Levels of salivary free cortisol showed relatively low intra- and interindividual variability, with mean individual morning levels ranging between 17.1 and 37.9 µg/dl. Squirrel monkeys demonstrated a consistent daily rhythm in salivary free cortisol ranging from a high of 27.4 ± 5.2 µg/dl (mean ± SEM) at 12 P.M. to a low of 7.5 ± 1.6 µg/dl at 6 P.M.. Intravenous (IV) challenges with 1 µg/kg ACTH, or 10 and 50 µg/kg CRF resulted in significant increases in salivary free cortisol. The described sampling technique provides a reliable and sensitive means for repeated measurement of HPA activity in unrestrained, awake squirrel monkeys. In addition, our findings illustrate several features of HPA system rhythmicity and reactivity using salivary cortisol instead of blood plasma or serum. Am. J. Primatol. 60:69–75, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1098-2345 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5573
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Author Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.; Henzi, S.P.
Title Social relationships of mountain baboons: Leadership and affiliation in a non-female-bonded monkey Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages 313-329
Keywords (down) relationships; one-male groups; female-bonding; spacing; support; Papio ursinus; Papio hamadryas
Abstract Abstract 10.1002/ajp.1350200409.abs Instead of close and differentiated relationships among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision-making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach-retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one-male; male-female relationships in one were like those in a unit of a hamadryas male at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an old hamadryas male, who still leads the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monopolizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross-sex-bonded” than “female bonded”.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1098-2345 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5309
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Author Sueur, C.; Jacobs, A.; Amblard, F.; Petit, O.; King, A.J.
Title How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior? Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication American Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 73 Issue 8 Pages 703-719
Keywords (down) interaction; association; social system; social structure; methodology; behavioral sampling
Abstract Abstract When living in a group, individuals have to make trade-offs, and compromise, in order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of group life. Strategies that enable individuals to achieve this typically affect inter-individual interactions resulting in nonrandom associations. Studying the patterns of this assortativity using social network analyses can allow us to explore how individual behavior influences what happens at the group, or population level. Understanding the consequences of these interactions at multiple scales may allow us to better understand the fitness implications for individuals. Social network analyses offer the tools to achieve this. This special issue aims to highlight the benefits of social network analysis for the study of primate behaviour, assessing it's suitability for analyzing individual social characteristics as well as group/population patterns. In this introduction to the special issue, we first introduce social network theory, then demonstrate with examples how social networks can influence individual and collective behaviors, and finally conclude with some outstanding questions for future primatological research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:703?719, 2011. ? 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Wiley-Blackwell Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes doi: 10.1002/ajp.20915 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6410
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Author Coleman, K.; Tully, L.A.; McMillan, J.L.
Title Temperament correlates with training success in adult rhesus macaques Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 63-71
Keywords (down) Animals; Female; *Inhibition (Psychology); *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Reinforcement (Psychology); *Temperament
Abstract In recent years there has been a marked increase in awareness of issues involving the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates (NHPs) used in biomedical research. As a result, many facilities are starting to train primates to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary, husbandry, and research procedures, such as remaining still for blood draws or injections. Such training generally reduces the stress associated with these procedures, resulting in calmer animals and, ultimately, better research models. However, such training requires great investments in time, and there can be vast individual differences in training success. Some animals learn tasks quickly, while others make slower progress in training. In this study, we examined whether temperament, as measured by response to a novel food object, correlated with the amount of time it took to train 20 adult female rhesus macaques to perform a simple task. The monkeys were categorized as “exploratory” (i.e., inspected a novel object placed in the home cage within 10 sec), “moderate” (i.e., inspected the object within 10-180 sec), or “inhibited” (i.e., did not inspect the object within 3 min). We utilized positive reinforcement techniques to train the monkeys to touch a target (PVC pipe shaped like an elbow) hung on their cage. Temperament correlated with training success in this study (Pearson chi2=7.22, df=2, P=0.03). We easily trained over 75% of the animals that inspected the novel food (i.e., exploratory or moderate individuals) to touch the target. However, only 22% of the inhibited monkeys performed the task. By knowing which animals may not respond to conventional training methods, we may be able to develop alternate training techniques to address their specific needs. In addition, these results will allow us to screen monkeys to be assigned to research projects in which they will be trained, with the goal of obtaining the best candidates for those studies.
Address Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA. colemank@ohsu.edu
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:15645460 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4112
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Author de Waal, F.B.; Seres, M.
Title Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 339-346
Keywords (down) Animals; Family Relations; Female; *Grooming; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior
Abstract A grooming posture previously reported for two wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities developed spontaneously in a captive group of the same species. This offered a unique opportunity to follow the propagation of a new social custom. The posture consists of two partners grasping hands--either both right hands or both left hands--and raising the arms in an A-frame above their heads while mutually grooming with their free hands. The propagation of this pattern was followed over a 5 year period. In the beginning, handclasps were always initiated by the same adult female. This female initiated the posture mainly with her adult female kin. In subsequent years, these relatives became frequent participants in the posture with each other as well as with nonrelatives. Over the years the posture increased in frequency and duration and spread to the majority of adults and also to a few adolescents and older juveniles. The pattern persisted after removal of the apparent originator.
Address Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:9403098 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 202
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Author Izar, P.; Ferreira, R.G.; Sato, T.
Title Describing the organization of dominance relationships by dominance-directed tree method Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 68 Issue 2 Pages 189-207
Keywords (down) Animals; Cebus/physiology; *Models, Biological; *Social Dominance
Abstract Methods to describe dominance hierarchies are a key tool in primatology studies. Most current methods are appropriate for analyzing linear and near-linear hierarchies; however, more complex structures are common in primate groups. We propose a method termed “dominance-directed tree.” This method is based on graph theory and set theory to analyze dominance relationships in social groups. The method constructs a transitive matrix by imposing transitivity to the dominance matrix and produces a graphical representation of the dominance relationships, which allows an easy visualization of the hierarchical position of the individuals, or subsets of individuals. The method is also able to detect partial and complete hierarchies, and to describe situations in which hierarchical and nonhierarchical principles operate. To illustrate the method, we apply a dominance tree analysis to artificial data and empirical data from a group of Cebus apella.
Address Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. patrizar@usp.br
Corporate Author Thesis
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ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16429416 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 723
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Author Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S.
Title Episodic memory in primates Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 55 Issue 2 Pages 71-85
Keywords (down) Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept
Abstract Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates.
Address Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu
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ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:11668526 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4115
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Author Brosnan, S.F.; Freeman, C.; De Waal, F.B.M.
Title Partner's behavior, not reward distribution, determines success in an unequal cooperative task in capuchin monkeys Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 68 Issue 7 Pages 713-724
Keywords (down) Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Food Preferences/physiology; Male; *Reward
Abstract It was recently demonstrated that capuchin monkeys notice and respond to distributional inequity, a trait that has been proposed to support the evolution of cooperation in the human species. However, it is unknown how capuchins react to inequitable rewards in an unrestricted cooperative paradigm in which they may freely choose both whether to participate and, within the bounds of their partner's behavior, which reward they will receive for their participation. We tested capuchin monkeys with such a design, using a cooperative barpull, which has been used with great success in the past. Contrary to our expectations, the equity of the reward distribution did not affect success or pulling behavior. However, the behavior of the partner in an unequal situation did affect overall success rates: pairs that had a tendency to alternate which individual received the higher-value food in unequal reward situations were more than twice as successful in obtaining rewards than pairs in which one individual dominated the higher-value food. This ability to equitably distribute rewards in inherently biased cooperative situations has profound implications for activities such as group hunts, in which multiple individuals work together for a single, monopolizable reward.
Address Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu
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ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16786518 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 160
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Author Langergraber, K.; Mitani, J.; Vigilant, L.
Title Kinship and social bonds in female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 71 Issue 10 Pages 840-851
Keywords (down) Animals; *Family; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/physiology/*psychology; *Social Distance
Abstract A large body of theoretical and empirical research suggests that kinship influences the development and maintenance of social bonds among group-living female mammals, and that human females may be unusual in the extent to which individuals form differentiated social relationships with nonrelatives. Here we combine behavioral observations of party association, spatial proximity, grooming, and space use with extensive molecular genetic analyses to determine whether female chimpanzees form strong social bonds with unrelated individuals of the same sex. We compare our results with those obtained from male chimpanzees who live in the same community and have been shown to form strong social bonds with each other. We demonstrate that party association is as good a predictor of spatial proximity and grooming in females as it is in males, that the highest party association indices are consistently found between female dyads, that the sexes do not differ in the long-term stability of their party association patterns, and that these results cannot be explained as a by-product of the tendency of females to selectively range in particular areas of the territory. We also show that close kin (i.e. mother-daughter and sibling dyads) are very rare, indicating that the vast majority of female dyads that form strong social bonds are not closely related. Additional analyses reveal that “subgroups” of females, consisting of individuals who frequently associate with one another in similar areas of the territory, do not consist of relatives. This suggests that a passive form of kin-biased dispersal, involving the differential migration of females from neighboring communities into subgroups, was also unlikely to be occurring. These results show that, as in males, kinship plays a limited role in structuring the intrasexual social relationships of female chimpanzees.
Address Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. langergraber@eva.mpg.de
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:19475543 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5166
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Author Capitanio, J.P.; Widaman, K.F.
Title Confirmatory factor analysis of personality structure in adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 65 Issue 3 Pages 289-294
Keywords (down) Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Personality; Psychometrics; Social Behavior
Abstract Reports from different laboratories have suggested that nonhuman primates have somewhat similar dimensions of personality. To date, however, no attempts have been made to statistically replicate a specific factor structure. In the present report, two independent observers recorded the behavior of 58 adult male rhesus monkeys, and then rated the animals with the use of a 50-item personality instrument. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the ratings resulted in the replication of a previously described four-factor personality structure [Maninger et al., American Journal of Primatology 61:73-83, 2003]. The first two dimensions-Sociability and Confidence-showed strong loadings and are similar to Affiliation and Agency dimensions in humans. The remaining dimensions-Equability and Irritability-were less clear, and it is possible that additional traits will have to be identified before a more robust structure can be established for these dimensions.
Address Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA. jpcapitanio@ucdavis.edu
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:15772988 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4111
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