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Author Meunier, H.; Leca, J.B.; Deneubourg, J.L.; Petit, O.
Title Group movement decisions in capuchin monkeys: the utility of an experimental study and a mathematical model to explore the relationship between individual and collective behaviours Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 143 Issue (up) Pages 1511-1527
Keywords animal society – collective decision-making – primates – group movement – mathematical modeling
Abstract In primate groups, collective movements are typically described as processes dependent on leadership mechanisms. However, in some species, decision-making includes negotiations and distributed leadership. These facts suggest that simple underlying processes may explain certain decision mechanisms during collective movements. To study such processes, we have designed experiments on white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) during which we provoked collective movements involving a binary choice. These experiments enabled us to analyse the spatial decisions of individuals in the group. We found that the underlying process includes anonymous mimetism, which means that each individual may influence all members of the group. To support this result, we created a mathematical model issued from our experimental data. A totally anonymous model does not fit perfectly with our experimental distribution. A more individualised model, which takes into account the specific behaviour of social peripheral individuals, revealed the validity of the mimetism hypothesis. Even though white-faced capuchins have complex cognitive abilities, a coexistence of anonymous and social mechanisms appears to influence their choice of direction during collective movements. The present approach may offer vital insights into the relationships between individual behaviours and their emergent collective acts.
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Call Number Serial 2066
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Author Klingel, H.
Title Sozial Organisation und Verhaltensweisen von Hartmann- und Bergzebras (Equus zebra hartmannae und E. z. zebra). Type Journal Article
Year 1968 Publication Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie Abbreviated Journal Z. Tierpsychol.
Volume 25 Issue (up) Pages 76-88
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2163
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Author Kroodsma, D. E.; Miller, E. H. (eds)
Title Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds Type Book Whole
Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Cornell University Press Place of Publication Ithaca Editor Kroodsma, D. E.; Miller, E. H.
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ISSN ISBN 978-0801482212 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2166
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Author Castley, J.G.; Knight, M.H.
Title Population status of plains zebra, Equus burchelli, in South African National Parks. Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Scientific Services, National Parks Board Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Place of Publication Kimberley, South Africa. Editor
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2254
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Author Munthali, S.M.; Banda, H.M.
Title Distribution and abundance of the common ungulates of Nyika National Park Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Afr. J. Ecol Abbreviated Journal Afr. J. Ecol
Volume 30 Issue (up) Pages 203-212
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2390
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Author Ohsawa, H.
Title Transfer of group members in plains zebra (Equus burchelli) in relation to social organization. Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication African Study Monographs Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue (up) Pages 53-71
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3554
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Author Sommer, H.; Barz, A.; Lindner, A.
Title Testing horses for character and temperament Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Tierarztliche Umschau Abbreviated Journal Tierärztl. Umschau
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3567
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Author Davis, H.; Balfour, D. (eds)
Title The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist-Animal Interactions Type Book Whole
Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Abstract Book Description

Although animals are widely employed as research subjects, it is only recently that we have acknowledged the bond that frequently, perhaps inevitably, develops between subject and researcher. Whatever the qualities of this relationship, an increasing body of evidence suggests that it may result in profound behavioural and physiological changes in the animal subject. Such effects are apparent in behavioural studies conducted in both laboratory and field settings. They also appear in physiological studies ranging from the biomedical (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, immunological changes) to animal science (e.g. growth, reproduction). Such effects are not confined to obvious cases involving primates and dogs, but appear in unexpected animals like chickens, reptiles and even octopuses. Despite the fact that most researchers are trained to minimise or avoid such interactions, they continue to occur. This book, the first of its kind to address this issue systematically, describes many examples of this “inevitable bond” between scientist and animal. This discussion will allow researchers to anticipate these potentially confounding effects and take advantage of such relationships in designing more effective and humane environments for animal subjects.
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Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge, Massachusetts Editor Davis, H.; Balfour, D.
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ISSN ISBN 978-0521405102 Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3595
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Author Sigurjónsdóttir , H.; Gunnarsson, V.
Title Controlled Study of Early Handling and Training of Icelandic Foals Type Journal Article
Year Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Abstract Introduction

Many scientists agree that information on the learning abilities of horses should be used in developing training methods (Fiske and Potter, 1979; Mader and Price, 1980; McCall, 1990) but nevertheless research where such knowledge is put to the test is limited (Flannery, 1997). Foals that are handled continuously between 4 and 22 months of age were quicker learners and were easier to train than those that got less handling (Fiske and Potter, 1979). The handling involved being lead, brushed, and acclimated to restraint. In some studies more relaxed foals learned more and were easier to train later on than stressed foals (Fiske and Potter, 1979; Heird et al, 1986) while no such correlation was found in another study (Mader and Price 1980). It is commonly believed, and has been established with tests, that younger horses are quicker-learners than mature (Mader and Price, 1980; Houpt, 1982), but the question remains to be answered if a certain age is better than another and if so, if the optimum time differs between breeds.

The idea of imprint training (Miller, 2000) is controversial but seems to be popular in the USA. Miller found that foals that had been treated by veterinarians at birth were easier to handle later on. He associated this with what Konrad Lorenz called imprint learning (1937), which involved irreversible learning taking place during a sensitive period early in life. Miller claims that the idea has been tested scientifically but no such papers are covered by Wed of Science. To our knowledge one systematic research has been carried out whose results will be published this year (Jennifer Williams, personal communication). Miller (2000) claims that it is very important to stroke and handle the foals quickly after birth (hence the reference to the imprinting concept) and desensitize them to touch and other interventions. A study by Mal et al (1994) did not support the claim that very young foals are more sensitive to treatment than older foals. It is possible that what we are witnessing when the foals seem relaxed after stroking is not “imprinting” but “learned helplessness”.

In Iceland where mares give birth out in the field within the herd (usually herds of mares, sub-adults and sometimes geldings) it is customary not to disturb the mare and foal for the first hours of the foal's life. That fact and the custom in many places to let the foals stay with their dams within large groups in the wilderness from 1-2 months of age till autumn, would mean that continuous handling would not have a practical value for most Icelandic horse owners. We wanted to test the idea that early handling and training of foals should calm the foals considerably and teach them valuable lessons, which would make training later on easier.
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Notes 2 papers – scroll down Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3619
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Author McCall, C.A.; Hall, S.; McElhenney, W.H.; Cummins, K.A.
Title EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF FOUR REACTIVITY TESTS IN HORSES Type Conference Article
Year 2010 Publication Proc.17th Equine Nutr. Physiol. Symp Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue (up) Pages 357
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Abstract Four methods of ranking horses on reactivity were evaluated and compared: isolation from conspecifics, presentation of a static novel stimulus, traversing a novel stimulus in a runway (isolation, novel stimulus and runways tests, respectively) and assigning subjective emotionality scores. Forty horses performed each of the three tests daily on three different days in a switchback design where treatments were injection of a tranquilizer or vehicle. Horses were randomly assigned a daily test sequence, which was maintained throughout the study. In all tests, heart rates were recorded and behavior was videotaped. To be considered a valid test of reactivity, at least one heart rate and one behavioural measurement in the test had to show a significant difference due to tranquilization, and behavioural measures had to be displayed in at least 75% of the trials. In the runway test, no significant difference in heart rate values in tranquilized and non-tranquilized horses was found, and no behavioural attribute was displayed in more than 52% of the trials; therefore it was rejected as a valid test of reactivity. Both isolation and novel stimulus tests produced valid measurements. Mean heart rate was the most precise physiological measure for these tests, and walking and defecation frequency were the most precise behavioural measures for novel stimulus and isolation tests, respectively. Mean heart rates on the novel stimulus and isolation tests were correlated (rs=0.79, P<0.01) indicating that these tests produced similar rankings based on physiological responses. However, behavioural measures ranked horses differently (rs=0.27, P<0.10) on the tests. Rank correlations between mean heart rates and behavioural measures were higher in the novel stimulus (rs = 0.66, P<0.01) than the isolation test (rs = 0.55, P<0.01), indicating that the novel stimulus test ranked horses based on either physiological or behavioural responses more similarly than did the isolation test. Therefore, the novel stimulus test was considered the more accurate evaluation of reactivity. Subjective emotionality scores were correlated moderately with mean heart rates (rs > 0.33, P<0.01) from the novel stimulus and isolation tests and with walking scores (rs = 0.47, P<0.01) from the novel stimulus test. Assignment of subjective emotionality scores was not as accurate as the novel stimulus or isolation tests in ranking horses for reactivity. Using physiological data alone, combining physiological and behavioural measurements or using more than one behavioural measurement in reactivity tests may reflect the reactivity of the horse better than a single behavioural measurement.
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Publisher Place of Publication Lexington, KY Editor
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3689
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