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Earley, R.L.; Druen, M.; Alan Dugatkin, L. |
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Title |
Watching fights does not alter a bystander's response towards naive conspecifics in male green swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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69 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5 |
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1139-1145 |
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Bystanders are capable of extracting cues from signalling interactions between others and appear to use information gained via eavesdropping when confronted with the watched individuals. A question that has gained little attention is whether observing fights affects bystander behaviour outside the context of interacting with the watched individuals. Our aim was to determine whether watching fights elicits general changes in bystander aggression levels in Xiphophorus helleri. We manipulated the bystanders' ability to witness encounters using clear, one-way-mirror and opaque partitions. After watching (or not watching) an initial contest, the bystanders were pitted against naive conspecifics instead of the animals they had seen fight. Observing fights did not alter the bystanders' propensity to initiate aggression, escalate, or win against naive individuals, indicating that bystanders do not experience general changes in aggressive behaviour after watching a fight. Earlier work in this species, however, has shown that bystanders respond in predictable ways to individuals they have witnessed winning or losing a fight. Taken together, these data support the notion that bystanders consistently modify their behaviour towards previously watched winners or losers in response to information gained via eavesdropping. We discuss our results in light of some recent work on the behavioural and endocrinological responses triggered by watching fights and suggest that comparative approaches to understanding networking phenomena may be productive. |
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Author |
Adams, E.S. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Bayesian analysis of linear dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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69 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5 |
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1191-1201 |
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Studies on social animals often seek to identify dominance hierarchies, in which individuals are ranked according to competitive abilities based on counts of wins and losses in pairwise encounters. I illustrate Bayesian approaches, based on the method of paired comparisons, for determining ranks and for estimating relationships between dominance ability and other attributes. Bayesian inference combines prior probability distributions for each unknown parameter with likelihood functions to produce the joint posterior probability distribution for the quantities of interest. In contrast to nonparametric techniques for inferring ranks, Bayesian models yield measures of certainty for each inference and allow rigorous estimates of correlations between ranks and covariates even when there is considerable uncertainty as to the ranks themselves. A possible objection to the Bayesian approach is that it appears to entail more restrictive assumptions than do simpler methods. However, simulations show that Bayesian inferences are more robust to deviations from these assumptions than are the results of nonparametric methods. |
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451 |
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Jameson, K.A.; Appleby, M.C.; Freeman, L.C. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Finding an appropriate order for a hierarchy based on probabilistic dominance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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57 |
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5 |
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991-998 |
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Methods of ranking individuals in a dominance hierarchy that use transitivity of relationships may obscure irregularities. Furthermore, these methods use only a small proportion of the information available from dominance encounters. This paper presents an intuitively appealing and easily implemented alternative to existing methods for ordering dominance data, developed from the work of Batchelder et al. (1992Journal of Mathematical Psychology36, 185-212). The procedure presented here is based on a mathematical model of paired comparisons and it involves only simple estimation procedures. We illustrate its use with data on dominance among red deerCervus elaphus, stags. The results indicate that dominance relationships are well characterized by the scale values that the model provides, and, because the method provides predictions for all pairings of animals, dominance predictions also exist for pairs of animals that have yet to be observed. Moreover, the dominance outcomes predicted by the model using the order scale are highly correlated with actual dominance observations at all levels. Overall, the procedure described provides a solution to the problem of identifying an appropriate order for a near-linear dominance hierarchy. |
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452 |
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Author |
Rutberg, A.T.; Keiper, R.R. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Proximate causes of natal dispersal in feral ponies: some sex differences |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5 |
Pages |
969-975 |
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Abstract. Fifteen years of data on natal dispersal age and the context of dispersal for the feral ponies of Assateague Island, Maryland are presented. Ninety-seven per cent of males and 81% of females dispersed from their natal groups by 5 years of age. For animals that left their natal group, average age of dispersal was 20[middle dot]8 months for males and 24[middle dot]6 months for females. Male dispersal age was strongly and significantly correlated with number of peers in the natal group, and males dispersing with peers were significantly older than males dispersing without peers, suggesting that males delayed dispersal when peers were available for interaction. Female dispersal age was not influenced by number of peers, but was correlated with age of first reproduction. Factors not influencing dispersal age in either sex were presence of a younger sibling, maternal band transfers, and maternal age and dominance rank. The relatively high frequency of females failing to disperse from their natal groups is puzzling in light of data showing diminished fecundity in non-dispersing pony mares. |
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518 |
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Author |
McLeod, P.G.; Huntingford, F.A. |
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Title |
Social rank and predator inspection in sticklebacks |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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47 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5 |
Pages |
1238-1240 |
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525 |
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Ord, T.J.; Peters, R.A.; Evans, C.S.; Taylor, A.J. |
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Title |
Digital video playback and visual communication in lizards |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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63 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5 |
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879-890 |
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Experimental analyses of dynamic visual signals have to overcome the technical obstacle of reproducing complex motor patterns such as those found in courtship and threat displays. Video playback offers a potential solution to this problem, but it has recently been criticized because of sensory differences between humans and nonhuman animals, which suggest that video stimuli might be perceived as deficient relative to live conspecifics. Quantitative comparisons are therefore necessary to determine whether video sequences reliably evoke natural responses. Male Jacky dragons, Amphibolurus muricatus, compete for territories using complex displays delivered in a rapid stereotyped sequence. We evaluated video playback as a technique for studying this visual signal. Digital video sequences depicting a life-sized displaying male were indistinguishable from live male conspecifics in the rate and structure of aggressive displays evoked. Other measures of social behaviour suggested that video stimuli were more effective in this context. Lizards produced significantly more appeasement displays and had higher rates of substrate licking and locomotor activity in response to video playback than to confined male opponents, which failed to produce aggressive displays. Lizards tracked temporal changes in the display rate of video stimuli and were also sensitive to individual differences in morphology and behaviour between video exemplars. These results show that video stimuli are appropriate for the experimental analysis of Jacky dragon aggressive displays. We compare the potential shortcomings of video playback with those of other techniques and conclude that no approach offers a panacea, but that several have complementary characteristics. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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540 |
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Author |
Chalmeau, R.; Visalberghi, E.; Gallo, A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Capuchin monkeys,Cebus apellafail to understand a cooperative task |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5 |
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1215-1225 |
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We investigated whether capuchin monkeys cooperate to solve a task and to what extent they take into account the behaviour of another individual when cooperating. Two groups of capuchin monkeys (N=5 and 6) were tested in a task whose solution required simultaneous pulling of two handles which were too far from one another to be pulled by one monkey. Before carrying out the cooperation study, individual monkeys were trained to pull one handle (training phase 1) and to pull two handles simultaneously (training phase 2) for a food reward. Nine subjects were successful in training phase 1, and five in training phase 2. In the cooperation study seven subjects were successful, that is, pulled one handle while a companion pulled the other. Further analyses revealed that capuchins did not increase their pulling actions when a partner was close to or at the other handle, that is, when cooperation might occur. These data suggest that capuchin monkeys acted together at the task and got the reward without understanding the role of the partner and without taking its behaviour into consideration. Social tolerance, as well as their tendency to explore and their manual dexterity, were the major factors accounting for the capuchins' success. |
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571 |
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Author |
Avital, E.; Jablonka, E. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social learning and the evolution of behaviour |
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1994 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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48 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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1195-1199 |
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Abstract. In animals capable of learning from a parent or other individual, socially acquired behaviour can be transmitted through several generations. When the inheritance of variations in such behaviour is independent of genotypic variations, natural selection can operate on an additional level. Direct evolution of behaviour becomes possible, and this may alter the estimates of costs and benefits of behaviour patterns for the individual who transmits them. It is suggested that the effects of maternally transmitted behaviour contribute to the evolution of maternal behavioural strategies, and to the evolution of behaviour associated with male-female conflict. |
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574 |
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Author |
Galef,, Bennett G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive |
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Year |
1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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1325-1334 |
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Recent models of the social transmission of behaviour by animals have repeatedly led their authors to the counterintuitive (and counterfactual) conclusion that traditional behaviour patterns in animals are often not locally adaptive. This deduction results from the assumption in such models that frequency of expression of socially learned behaviour patterns is not affected by rewards or punishments contingent upon their expression. An alternative approach to analysis of social learning processes, based on Staddon-Simmelhag's conditioning model, is proposed here. It is assumed that social interactions affect the probability of introduction of novel behaviour patterns into a naive individual's repertoire and that consequences of engaging in a socially learned behaviour determine whether that behaviour continues to be expressed. Review of several recently analysed instances of animal social learning suggests that distinguishing processes that introduce behaviour patterns into the repertoires of individuals from processes that select among behavioural alternatives aids in understanding observed differences in the longevity of various traditional behaviour patterns studied in both laboratory and field. Finally, implications of the present approach for understanding the role of social learning in evolutionary process are discussed. |
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578 |
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Author |
Byrnl, R.W.; Tomasello, M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Do rats ape? |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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50 |
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1417-1420 |
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