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| Author |
Kasuya, E. |
| Title |
Mann-Whitney U test when variances are unequal |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
61 |
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6 |
Pages |
1247-1249 |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5048 |
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| Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K. |
| Title |
Models of, and tests for, reciprocity, unidirectionality and other social interaction patterns at a group level |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1013-1029 |
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| Abstract |
Research on reciprocity is impaired by confusing definitions and often wrongly used statistical tests. Here, two models of the mechanism on which reciprocity may be based are discussed and an initial step towards a new fremework for its analysis is presented. A distinction is made between reciprocity and interchange. In the case of reciprocity, for one kind of act the same kind is received in return. In interchange, however, two different kinds of acts are bartered. Three types of reciprocity/interchange in social actions among all pairs of group-members are distinguished ([`]qualitative', [`]relative' and [`]absolute') on the basis of the precision of the reciprocity/interchange. Permutation procedures for association between matrices (such as the Mantel Z and two other newly derived tests) are used as a statistical test for detecting reciprocity/interchange. A rough comparison of the power of the two new tests is included. The tests can be applied to all kinds of group-living animals and to all sorts of social behaviour. The distinction between the three types of reciprocity/interchange and the matching statistical methods are also useful for defining and detecting other patterns in social interactions, like unidirectionality and associations between different kinds of social behaviour. The influence on social interactions of variables like dominance rank, age and sex can be analysed in the three forms by testing correlations between invented matrices which represent the influence of these variables (the so-called hypothesis matrices) and social interaction matrices. These methods are extended for two categories of individuals, thus allowing the investigation of, for example, reciprocity between males and females. The methods are illustrated with examples of coalition formation and grooming behaviour among captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5049 |
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| Author |
Proops, L.; Walton, M.; McComb, K. |
| Title |
The use of human-given cues by domestic horses, Equus caballus, during an object choice task |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1205-1209 |
| Keywords |
domestication; Equus caballus; horse; interspecific communication; marker cue; pointing; social cognition |
| Abstract |
Selection pressures during domestication are thought to lead to an enhanced ability to use human-given cues. Horses fulfil a wide variety of roles for humans and have been domesticated for at least 5000 years but their ability to read human cues has not been widely studied. We tested the ability of 28 horses to attend to human-given cues in an object choice task. We included five different cues: distal sustained pointing, momentary tapping, marker placement, body orientation and gaze (head) alternation. Horses were able to use the pointing and marker placement cues spontaneously but not the tapping, body orientation and gaze alternation cues. The overall pattern of responding suggests that horses may use cues that provide stimulus enhancement at the time of choice and do not have an understanding of the communicative nature of the cues given. As such, their proficiency at this task appears to be inferior to that of domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, but similar to that of domestic goats, Caprus hircus. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5083 |
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| Author |
Stueckle, S.; Zinner, D. |
| Title |
To follow or not to follow: decision making and leadership during the morning departure in chacma baboons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1995-2004 |
| Keywords |
chacma baboon; collective movement; consensus; decision making; leadership; Papio hamadryas ursinus |
| Abstract |
To benefit from group living, group members need to keep the group cohesive by coordinating time and direction of travelling. Self-organization and leadership are two means of coordination and two types of decision can be made on the group level: combined and consensus. We studied the initiation process of group movements during the morning departure of a group of chacma baboons, Papio hamadryas ursinus, from its sleeping site in De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa. Findings from other female-bonded primate groups led us to hypothesize that females should play a major role in the decision-making process. Approximately 75% of the adults made a start attempt, with 62 of 92 attempts being by males. There was no sex difference in the probability of being successful when initiating an attempt. Lactating females initiated fewer than pregnant or cycling females. Thus, at least for this group of chacma baboons, leadership appeared to be distributed and the decision about the timing of departure and travel direction seemed to be a partially shared consensus decision with adult males contributing more to the decision outcome, with a slightly more prominent role of the dominant male. Our results do not support the [`]leading females' hypothesis. No behavioural patterns that might serve as specialized signals leading to a more successful recruitment of other group members were observed. The departure process appeared to be coordinated merely through individuals setting an example by moving off. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5130 |
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| Author |
Petit, O.; Thierry, B. |
| Title |
Aggressive and peaceful interventions in conflicts in Tonkean macaques |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
48 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1427-1436 |
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Abstract. Peaceful interventions in conflicts are an extremely rare phenomenon in most primate species. In contrast to aggressive interventions, they cannot lead to gains in terms of competition. To clarify the function and origin of this behaviour, the patterning and consequences of peaceful and aggressive interventions were studied in a semi-free ranging group of tonkean macaques, Macaca tonkeana. Intense conflicts frequently elicited both types of intervention. Interveners preferentially targeted the initiator of the conflict, who was generally the dominant of the two opponents. Males tended to intervene more than females, especially using peaceful interventions. Interventions were frequently performed on behalf of the most closely kin-related opponent; this was true particularly for aggressive interventions. In peaceful interventions, the intervener was usually dominant over both parties. Lipsmacking, clasping, mounting and social play were mainly used, and were successful in halting aggression. Peaceful interventions were frequently followed by an affinitive interaction, such as grooming, between intervener and target. Peaceful interventions thus appear to protect the beneficiary while preserving the social relationship between intervener and target. The origin of the behaviour can be traced to the epigenetic constraints arising from the species-specific social organization. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5244 |
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Henzi, S.P.; Lycett, J.E.; Weingrill, T. |
| Title |
Mate guarding and risk assessment by male mountain baboons during inter-troop encounters |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
55 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1421-1428 |
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Aggressive herding of females is a frequent but not invariant response by male savannah baboons,Papio cynocephalus, to encounters with other troops. While males in some troops are consistently more likely to herd than those in others, not all inter-troop encounters result in herding, even within particular troops. This suggests that males assess the risk of male invasion posed by each encounter and respond accordingly. We used data from baboon troops in the Drakensberg mountains to determine the rules males follow in deciding whether to herd. Consistent differences between troops were explained only by the adult sex ratio. Males were more likely to herd if the sex ratio of their own troop was female biased, a finding that is concordant with the observation that males are more likely to immigrate into troops where the sex ratio is more female biased than the population average. Differences within troops were a consequence only of encounter distance, with herding being more likely at closer distances. We found a negative correlation between the angle of approach to the other troop and the subsequent angle of deflection. We interpret this to mean that herding functions to increase the distance between the interacting troops, thereby curtailing opportunities for strange males to inspect the troop and determine its sex ratio. In this way, possibly unlike those in other populations, the decision rules of these male baboons are geared to protecting longer-term reproductive prospects. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5311 |
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Stennett, C.R.; Strauss, R.E. |
| Title |
Behavioural lateralization in zebrafish and four related species of minnows (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1339-1342 |
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binary data; Cyprinidae; Danio rerio; fish; laterality; monocular test; motor bias; score test; zebrafish |
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Behavioural lateralization has been observed in many species of fishes during stimulus-specific tasks. However, one area that has been overlooked is the study of naïve side bias in motor behaviour of fishes in the absence of direct visual stimulus. To this end, we examined naïve side biases in motor behaviour in five species of minnows (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). Fifteen individuals of each species were subjected to a T-shaped test arena, with 40 randomized replicates per individual. We took advantage of rheotaxis by running a slow current of water through each arm of the test apparatus. Of the 75 individuals tested, 55 showed a rightward turning preference. The overall right-biased behaviour observed in these fishes in the absence of systematic stimulus strongly suggests that a stimulus-free control condition be included in the experimental design whenever plausible for studies of laterality in fishes and presumably in other organisms. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5358 |
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Sara J. Shettleworth |
| Title |
Female mate choice in swordtails and mollies: symmetry assessment or Weber's law? |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
58 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1139-1142 |
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Department of Psychology, University of Toronto |
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English |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:10564618 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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374 |
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Earley, R.L.; Druen, M.; Alan Dugatkin, L. |
| Title |
Watching fights does not alter a bystander's response towards naive conspecifics in male green swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1139-1145 |
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Bystanders are capable of extracting cues from signalling interactions between others and appear to use information gained via eavesdropping when confronted with the watched individuals. A question that has gained little attention is whether observing fights affects bystander behaviour outside the context of interacting with the watched individuals. Our aim was to determine whether watching fights elicits general changes in bystander aggression levels in Xiphophorus helleri. We manipulated the bystanders' ability to witness encounters using clear, one-way-mirror and opaque partitions. After watching (or not watching) an initial contest, the bystanders were pitted against naive conspecifics instead of the animals they had seen fight. Observing fights did not alter the bystanders' propensity to initiate aggression, escalate, or win against naive individuals, indicating that bystanders do not experience general changes in aggressive behaviour after watching a fight. Earlier work in this species, however, has shown that bystanders respond in predictable ways to individuals they have witnessed winning or losing a fight. Taken together, these data support the notion that bystanders consistently modify their behaviour towards previously watched winners or losers in response to information gained via eavesdropping. We discuss our results in light of some recent work on the behavioural and endocrinological responses triggered by watching fights and suggest that comparative approaches to understanding networking phenomena may be productive. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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394 |
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Adams, E.S. |
| Title |
Bayesian analysis of linear dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1191-1201 |
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Studies on social animals often seek to identify dominance hierarchies, in which individuals are ranked according to competitive abilities based on counts of wins and losses in pairwise encounters. I illustrate Bayesian approaches, based on the method of paired comparisons, for determining ranks and for estimating relationships between dominance ability and other attributes. Bayesian inference combines prior probability distributions for each unknown parameter with likelihood functions to produce the joint posterior probability distribution for the quantities of interest. In contrast to nonparametric techniques for inferring ranks, Bayesian models yield measures of certainty for each inference and allow rigorous estimates of correlations between ranks and covariates even when there is considerable uncertainty as to the ranks themselves. A possible objection to the Bayesian approach is that it appears to entail more restrictive assumptions than do simpler methods. However, simulations show that Bayesian inferences are more robust to deviations from these assumptions than are the results of nonparametric methods. |
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