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| Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K. |
| Title |
Despotic societies, sexual attraction and the emergence of male 'tolerance': an agent-based model |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
139 |
Issue  |
6 |
Pages |
729-747 |
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| Abstract |
During the period when females are sexually attractive – but only then – males of certain species of primates, such as chimpanzees, allow females access to resources. Because males are usually dominant over females, such male 'tolerance' is explained as a special, reproductive strategy to gain access to females. In this paper a simpler hypothesis is proposed on the basis of an individual-based model (called DomWorld): male 'tolerance' towards females arises in 'despotic' artificial societies as a kind of 'respectful timidity', because sexual attraction automatically increases female dominance over males as a side-effect. The model consists in a homogeneous, virtual world with agents that group and perform dominance-interactions in which the effects of victory and defeat are self-reinforcing. The artificial sexes differ in that VirtualMales have a higher intensity of aggression, they start with a greater capacity to win conflicts than VirtualFemales and they are especially attracted to the opposite sex during certain periods, whereas VirtualFemales are not. I shall explain how the introduction into DomWorld of the attraction of VirtualMales by VirtualFemales leads to female dominance, why it does so only in despotic, but not in egalitarian societies, and how it leads to other phenomena that are relevant to the study of primate behaviour. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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864 |
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| Author |
Karavanich, C.; Atema, J. |
| Title |
Individual recognition and memory in lobster dominance |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
56 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1553-1560 |
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American lobsters,Homarus americanus, form stable dominance relationships in captivity. Size, sex and stage in the moult cycle are important determinants for dominance. Other factors, such as recent agonistic experience play a role. This paper investigates how lobsters maintain their stable dominance relationships: they may recognize individuals or alternatively, recognize overall dominance status. We paired lobsters in two consecutive `boxing matches'. Results indicate that lobsters remember familiar opponents when kept either in isolation or in communal tanks for 24 h between their first and second fights. Subordinates immediately backed away from familiar dominants, avoiding a second fight. In some animals, this memory lasted between 1-2 weeks if pairs were kept separate between the first and second fights. When paired for the second fight against unfamiliar dominant lobsters, subordinate lobsters from first fights actively fought and won the encounter. These results suggest that lobsters are capable of `individual recognition'. In nature, the observed social organization of lobsters may be maintained by individual recognition of a small number of residents inhabiting separate, nearby shelters. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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866 |
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Bard J, |
| Title |
Perch la zebra In:Kos;Revista di Cultura e Storia della |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Med, Nat e Humane |
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1 |
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6 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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922 |
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Becker, C. D.; Ginsberg, J. R. |
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Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra: adaptations for survival in semidesert East Africa |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1111-1118 |
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Mother-infant interactions and patterns of foal behaviour in the Grevy's zebra, Equus grevyi, differe from those reported for other equids. Grevy's zebra foals exhibit longer intervals between suckling bouts, do not drink water until they are 3 months old, and reach independence from the mare sooner than other equids. Furthermore, Grevy's zebra foals advance their acquisition of adult feeding behaviour. A 6-week-old Grevy's zebra foal spends as much time feeding as a 5-month-old wild horse foal. From the time their foals are born until the foals reach an age of 3 months, females form small groups (three females and their foals). These groups are never found further than 2·0 km from surface water and are usually associated with a territorial male. Unlike other equids, the foals of which always follow their mares, when female Grevy's zebra go to drink, they leave their foals in “kindergartens”, which are guarded by a single adult animal, usually a territorial male. It is proposed that many of these differences in behaviour and rates of juvenile development are the result of adaptation to an arid environment. Water requirements during early lactation appear to influence strongly the social behaviour of the Grevy's zebra and should also be a strong influence on the mother-infant behaviour of other arid-living ungulates. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
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927 |
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| Author |
Franke Stevens E, |
| Title |
Contents between bands of feral horses for access to fresh water: the resident wins |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Beh |
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36 |
Issue |
6 |
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1851-1853 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
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1091 |
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Ginsberg, J. R; Rubenstein, D. I. |
| Title |
Sperm competiton and variation in zebra mating behaviour |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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26 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
427-434 |
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Data are presented on the breeding behavior of two zebra species to test whether intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive behavior and physiology are correlated with differences in female promiscuity. In one species, plains zebra (Equus burchelli) females live in closed membership single male groups and mate monandrously. In the other species, the Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi) females live in groups whose membership is much more temporary. Typically, associations with individual males are brief and mating is polyandrous. However, some females – those having just given birth – reside with one male for long periods, mating monandrously. These differences in female mating behavior generate variability in the potential for sperm competition. We show that behavioral differences in male investment in reproductive activities correlate with the potential for sperm competition. When mating with promiscuous mares, Grevy's zebra stallions made a greater investment in reproductive behavior (calling, mounting, ejaculations) than did stallions of either species when mating with monandrous females. The evolution of large testes size in the Grevy's zebra, when compared to the congeneric plains zebra, horse, and mountain zebra, allows for this increased investment. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1113 |
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Hoglund, J.; Alatalo, R.V.; Gibson, R.M.; Lundberg, A. |
| Title |
Mate-choice copying in black grouse |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
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6 |
Pages |
1627-1633 |
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1817 |
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Naylor, J.M.; Poirier, K.L.; Hamilton, D.L.; Dowling, P.M. |
| Title |
The effects of feeding and fasting on gastrointestinal sounds in adult horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Intern Med |
| Volume |
20 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1408-1413 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Auscultation/methods/*veterinary; *Digestive Physiology; Fasting/*physiology; Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology; Gastrointestinal Transit/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Postprandial Period/*physiology; Sound |
| Abstract |
The effect of changes in feed intake on auscultatable gastrointestinal sounds has not been systematically studied. Disagreement also is present in the literature about variation in sounds according to the quadrant of auscultation. Gastrointestinal sounds were recorded over the center of the left dorsal, left ventral, right ventral, and right dorsal quadrants and over the middle of the right abdominal flank. During 24 hours (n = 4) or 48 hours (n = 5) of fasting, there was a reduction in the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds as assessed by analysis of sound recordings. There was also a reduction in the number of mixing-like and propulsive-like sounds heard by 2 blinded observers. After refeeding, there was a marked increase in sound. Sound intensity varied among abdominal quadrants, but blinded observers did not notice significant differences in the number of mixing-like sounds. The left dorsal quadrant was quieter than others during fasting and refeeding. The right ventral quadrant appeared to be least affected by fasting, and sounds were louder over the right ventral and right middle quadrants than over the others. The blinded observers' perceptions of sound correlated poorly with one another and with objective measures of sound intensity. This experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of computerized analysis of abdominal sound in detecting a reduction in the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds during fasting and their return during refeeding. The left dorsal quadrant was quieter than other quadrants, likely because of its position over the small colon. There was considerable observer variation in the number of intestinal sounds heard. |
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies. jnaylor@rossvet.edu.kn |
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0891-6640 |
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PMID:17186858 |
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no |
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1844 |
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Zhao, C.J.; Qin, Y.H.; Lee, X.H.; Wu, C. |
| Title |
Molecular and cytogenetic paternity testing of a male offspring of a hinny |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Anim Breed Genet |
| Volume |
123 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
403-405 |
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Animals; Cytogenetic Analysis; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics; Equidae/*genetics; Female; Horses/genetics; Hybridization, Genetic; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Pedigree; Protamines/genetics; Sexual Behavior, Animal |
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An alleged male foal of a female mule, whose sire and grandparents were unknown, was identified for its pedigree. Parentage testing was conducted by comparing polymorphism of 12 microsatellite DNA sites and mitochondrial D-loop sequences of the male foal and the female mule. Both the sequence analysis of species-specific DNA fragments and a cytogenetic analysis were performed to identify the species of the foal and its parents. The results showed that the alleged female mule is actually a hinny, and the male foal, which possesses 62 chromosomes, qualifies as an offspring of the female hinny and a jack donkey. |
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Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China |
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English |
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0931-2668 |
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PMID:17177697 |
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no |
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1846 |
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Villani, M.; Cairoli, F.; Kindahl, H.; Galeati, G.; Faustini, M.; Carluccio, A.; Veronesi, M.C. |
| Title |
Effects of mating on plasma concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, oestrone sulphate and 15-ketodihydro-PGF2alpha in stallions |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
Publication |
Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Reprod Domest Anim |
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41 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
544-548 |
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Animals; Dinoprost/*analogs & derivatives/blood; Ejaculation/physiology; Estrone/*analogs & derivatives/blood; Horses/*blood/physiology; Hydrocortisone/*blood; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Testosterone/*blood |
| Abstract |
Very little information is available regarding the physiological mechanisms involved in the normal sexual activity in the stallion and, in particular, the endocrine control of reproduction is still not clearly understood. This experiment was designed to determine the short-term effect of sexual stimulation on plasma concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, oestrone sulphate and 15-ketodihydro-PGF(2alpha) in stallions. Semen samples were collected from 10 lighthorse stallions of proven fertility using a Missouri model artificial vagina. At the same time, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein with heparinized tubes, 20 and 10 min before oestrous mare exposure, at exposure and 10, 20, 30 min after dismounting. Testosterone concentrations showed a sharp rise 10 min after mating (p < 0.001), reached a plateau, and then showed a further increase 30 min after mating (p < 0.001). Cortisol concentrations increased 10 min after mating (p < 0.001) and remained at high levels in the subsequent samples taken. A peak of oestrone sulphate was observed 10 min after mating (p < 0.001). 15-Ketodihydro-PGF(2alpha) concentrations decreased rapidly at the moment of the exposure of the stallions to an oestrous mare (p < 0.05), returned to pre-mating concentrations and then decreased again 30 min after mating (p < 0.05). |
| Address |
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Sez. Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica Veterinaria, Milan, Italy |
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0936-6768 |
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PMID:17107515 |
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1855 |
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