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Author |
Wilson, D.S.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
A reply to Lombardi & Hurlbert |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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52 |
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2 |
Pages |
423-425 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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475 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Tit for Tat, by-product mutualism and predator inspection: a reply to Connor |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
51 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
455-457 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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487 |
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Author |
Doré,F.Y.; Fiset,S.; Goulet,S.; Dumans,M.-C.; Gagnon,S. |
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Title |
Search behavior in cats and dogs Interspecific differences in working memory and spatial cognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Animal Learning & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Learn. & Behav. |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
142-149 |
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Cats and dogs search behavior was compared in different problems where an object was visibly
moved behind a screen that was then visibly moved to a new position. In Experiments 1 (cats) and 2 (dogs),
one group was tested with identical screens and the other group was tested with dissimilar screens.
Results showed that in both species, search behavior was based on processing of spatial information
rather than on recognition of the visual features of the target screen. Cats and dogs were unable to find
the object by inferring its invisible movement. They reached a high level of success only if there was
direct perceptual evidence that the object could not be at its initial position. When the position change
was indicated by an indirect cue, cats searched more at the object`s initial than final position, whereas
dogs searched equally at both positions. Interspecific similarities and differences are interpreted in
terms of the requirements for resetting working memory. |
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537 |
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Author |
Clarke, J.V.; Nicol, C.J.; Jones, R.; McGreevy, P.D. |
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Title |
Effects of observational learning on food selection in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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50 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
177-184 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Observational learning; Food discrimination |
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Abstract |
Fourteen riding horses of mixed age and breed were randomly allocated to observer and control treatments. An additional horse was pre-trained as a demonstrator to walk the 13.8 m length of the test arena and select one of two food buckets using colour and pattern cues. Observer horses were exposed to correct performances of the task by the trained demonstrator, for 20 trials held over 2 days. Control horses were subjected to the same handling and placement procedures as the observer horses but without exposure to the behaviour of the demonstrator. The third day for all subjects was designated as a test day. Each subject was released individually in a predetermined place in the arena, and the latency to walk the length of the test arena to the food buckets, the latency to feed, the identity of the bucket approached and the identity of the bucket selected were recorded on ten consecutive trials. During tests both food buckets contained food to minimize the possibility of individual trial and error learning. On the first trial the mean latency to approach the goal area was 18 s for observer horses, compared with 119 s for control horses (t = 2.8, d.f. = 12, P < 0.01) and the mean latency to eat was 35 s for observer horses, compared with 181 s for control horses (t = 4.86, d.f. = 11, P < 0.001). However, observer horses were no more likely to choose the demonstrated bucket than control horses on the first trial. Twelve of the 14 horses decreased their latency to approach the goal area during the series of ten trials, but there were no significant changes in the buckets selected. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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563 |
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Author |
Reed, P.; Skiera, F.; Adams, L.; Heyes, C.M. |
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Title |
Effects of Isolation Rearing and Mirror Exposure on Social and Asocial Discrimination Performance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Learning and Motivation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Learn. Motiv. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
113-129 |
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Abstract |
Four experiments examined the effects of rearing in isolation on rats performance on discrimination-based and social learning tasks. After demonstrating that the rearing procedures produced similar results in an open field task to those previously established (Experiment 1), rats were subjected to two discrimination tasks: an instrumental occasion setting procedure (Experiment 3) and a nonspatial win-stay/lose-shift versus win-shift/lose-stay procedure (Experiment 4). Deficits in acquisition of the necessary discriminations were noted in the rats raised in isolation, but there were no differences between isolation-reared and socially reared subjects in response acquisition per se. In Experiment 2, rats were presented with an observational learning task using the bidirectional control procedure. Socially reared rats had a tendency to imitate the behavior they had observed, but rats raised in isolation performed the opposite behavior to that observed, indicating a failure to use a conspecific as a reference point in the task. The presence of a mirror during rearing in isolation was also investigated, but was found to have little effect in attenuating the above deficits in behavior. |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
725 |
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Author |
van Dierendonck, M.C.; Bandi, N.; Batdorj, D.; Dugerlham, S.; Munkhtsog, B. |
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Title |
Behavioural observations of reintroduced Takhi or Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Mongolia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
50 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-114 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Przewalski's horse; Reintroduction; Time budget; Social organisation; Basic reference dataset |
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Abstract |
During 1992 and 1993, 14 reintroduced Przewalski Horses or Takhi (Equus ferus przewalskii) were studied in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Steppe reserve in Mongolia. Most of the individuals did not know each other before reintroduction. These Takhi were the first of five groups due to be released in the reserve after an acclimatisation period of at least 1 year. During acclimatisation the Takhi, lived visually and acoustically separately, in fenced enclosures of approximately 45 ha each. The observations, mostly scan-sampling, were carried out in each season. The observation bouts were divided over six periods and over two harem herds. Two of the periods were in the same consecutive seasons, so comparison over the years was possible. Social integration within the Takhi herds was very high from the beginning, as described by the spatial relation and synchronisation data. Between 50 and 89% of the observation time, the behaviour of all herd members was synchronised. The amount of time spent grazing by the Takhi (30-68% of the daylight period) was similar to that of feral horses and Takhi in captivity and semi-reserves. The Takhi tended to rest in the morning and have a bimodal period of grazing at dawn and in the afternoon. The Takhi displayed clear habitat preferences for certain activities. They had a strong preference to rest at the highest point in their enclosure. They fed preferably on two or three different vegetation types (with five types available in each enclosure). The amount of time spent grazing during the non-growing seasons (49 +/- 15%) indicates that the feeding value and availability of food were sufficient. Health changes were detected adequately using condition scoring sheets. No supplementary food or water was supplied during the harsh winters. Moreover, low mortality rates and high reproductive success show that the mountain steppe is a habitat which is potentially suitable for establishing a healthy Takhi population. Takhi is the first species to return to its native habitat after living only in zoos for so many generations. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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762 |
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Author |
Barnes, J.I.; Jager, J.L.V. de |
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Title |
Economic and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the implications for policy. |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
South African Journal of Wildlife Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
37-46 |
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Abstract
Aggregate estimates for wildlife populations and species diversity on private land in Namibia
were made for 1972 and 1992, using questionnaire surveys. Numbers of species and biomass
appear to have increased by some 80 percent, or three percent per annum over the period. The
number of game species recorded increased by 44 percent. Cost – benefit analysis models were
developed and used to analyse economic and financial efficiency of land use involving wildlife
on private land. Financial profitability was generally low with both livestock – game production
for consumptive use and wildlife production for non-consumptive use. However these activities
appear to be economically efficient, and result in a positive contribution to National Income.
The results suggest that there are financial incentives for private landholders to group together
and form large scale conservancies. The latter benefit from economies of scale which make them
more financially profitable and robust, and also more economically efficient, than ranches.
Wildlife production for non-consumptive wildlife viewing was found to yield greater economic
net value added per unit of land than livestock – wildlife production for consumptive use. This
was particularly the case at the larger conservancy scale of operation. Aggregate estimates, in
1994 prices, of the annual net value added to National Income from wildlife use on private land
are N$ 30.6 million in 1972 and N$ 56 million in 1992. The economic value of wildlife use as a
proportion of the economic value of all private land rangeland uses appears to have risen from
five percent to eleven percent over the twenty year period. Current policy to promote the
development of wildlife conservancies appears to be economically sound, particularly where
these are aimed at eventual conversion to wildlife-based tourism uses.
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2220 |
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Author |
Fulhorst, C.F.; Hardy, J.L.; Eldridge, B.F.; Chiles, R.E.; Reeves, W.C. |
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Title |
Ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: California serogroup) in coastal California |
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1996 |
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
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Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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55 |
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2 |
Pages |
185-189 |
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Keywords |
Aedes/virology; Animals; Antibodies, Viral/blood; California/epidemiology; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Deer; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Encephalitis Virus, California/immunology/*isolation & purification; Encephalitis, California/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Lagomorpha; Male; Neutralization Tests/veterinary; Peromyscus; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology; Sigmodontinae |
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This paper reports the first isolation of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus from coastal California and the results of tests for antibody to JC virus in mammals living in coastal California. The virus isolation was made from a pool of 50 Aedes dorsalis females collected as adults from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California. The virus isolate was identified by two-way plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization tests done in Vero cell cultures. Sera from the mammals were tested for antibody to JC virus by a plaque-reduction serum dilution neutralization method. A high prevalence of JC virus-specific antibody was found in horses and cattle sampled from Morro Bay. This finding is additional evidence for the presence of a virus antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus in Morro Bay and indicates that the vectors of the virus in Morro Bay feed on large mammals. A high prevalence of virus-specific antibody was also found in horses sampled from Marin and San Diego counties. This finding suggests that viruses antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus are geographically widespread in coastal California. |
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School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:8780458 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2656 |
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Author |
Cilnis, M.J.; Kang, W.; Weaver, S.C. |
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Title |
Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Virology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Virology |
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218 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
343-351 |
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Keywords |
Alphavirus/*genetics; Alphavirus Infections/transmission/veterinary/virology; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; Disease Outbreaks; Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary/virology; *Evolution, Molecular; Horses; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Turkeys; Variation (Genetics)/*genetics |
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We studied molecular evolution of the mosquito-borne alphavirus Highlands J (HJ) virus by sequencing PCR products generated from 19 strains isolated between 1952 and 1994. Sequences of 1200 nucleotides including portions of the E1 gene and the 3' untranslated region revealed a relatively slow evolutionary rate estimated at 0.9-1.6 x 10(-4) substitutions per nucleotide per year. Phylogenetic trees indicated that all HJ viruses descended from a common ancestor and suggested the presence of one dominant lineage in North America. However, two or more minor lineages probably circulated simultaneously for periods of years to a few decades. Strains isolated from a horse suffering encephalitis, and implicated in a recent turkey outbreak, were not phylogenetically distinct from strains isolated in other locations during the same time periods. Our findings are remarkably similar to those we obtained previously for another North American alphavirus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, with which Highlands J shares primary mosquito and avian hosts, geographical distribution, and ecology. These results support the hypotheses that the duration of the transmission season affects arboviral evolutionary rates and vertebrate host mobility influences genetic diversity. |
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Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA |
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0042-6822 |
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PMID:8610461 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2657 |
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Author |
Wasserman, E.A.; Gagliardi, J.L.; Cook, B.R.; Kirkpatrick-Steger, K.; Astley, S.L.; Biederman, I. |
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Title |
The pigeon's recognition of drawings of depth-rotated stimuli |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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22 |
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2 |
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205-221 |
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Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination (Psychology); Form Perception/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rotation |
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Abstract |
Four experiments used a four-choice discrimination learning paradigm to explore the pigeon's recognition of line drawings of four objects (an airplane, a chair, a desk lamp, and a flashlight) that were rotated in depth. The pigeons reliably generalized discriminative responding to pictorial stimuli over all untrained depth rotations, despite the bird's having been trained at only a single depth orientation. These generalization gradients closely resembled those found in prior research that used other stimulus dimensions. Increasing the number of different vantage points in the training set from one to three broadened the range of generalized testing performance, with wider spacing of the training orientations more effectively broadening generalized responding. Template and geon theories of visual recognition are applied to these empirical results. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. ed-wasserman@uiowa.educ |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:8618103 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2780 |
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