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	Author	Fuentes, A.; Malone, N.; Sanz, C.; Matheson, M.; Vaughan, L.
	Title	Conflict and post-conflict behavior in a small group of chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	43	Issue	3	Pages	223-235
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Chimpanzee research plays a central role in the discussions of conflict negotiation. Reconciliation, or the attraction and affiliation of former opponents following conflict, has been proposed as a central element of conflict negotiation in chimpanzees and various other taxa. In an attempt to expand the database of chimpanzee conflict resolution, conflict and post-conflict behavior were recorded for a small group of socially housed chimpanzees at the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute, at Central Washington University. Data were collected over six 6-week periods between 1997 and 2000, for a total of 840 hours of observation, resulting in a substantial post-conflict (PC) and matched control (MC) data set. The data demonstrate this group's tendencies to maintain visual contact and closer proximity after conflicts. Dyadic corrected conciliatory tendencies ranged between 0 – 37.5% and averaged 17.25% across all dyads. Individual corrected conciliatory tendencies ranged between 5.8 and 32%. The results of this study combined with recent publications on captive and free-ranging chimpanzee post-conflict behavior suggest that variation in post-conflict behavior may be important to our understanding of chimpanzee conflict negotiation, and may also have implications for the design and management of captive chimpanzee enclosures and social groups, respectively.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5639, USA. anthro@nd.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12145403			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2885
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Phillips, K.
	Title	Natural conceptual behavior in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus): An experimental investigation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	37	Issue	3	Pages	327-332
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract  Natural conceptual discriminations have been tested in many different species, including pigeons and a variety of non-human primates. The ability of four male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to learn and use the natural concept “squirrel monkey” was investigated in this study. After a training phase, subjects were presented with novel stimuli in transfer and test trials. All subjects performed at a rate significantly above chance on the first test trial (p<.001), indicating that squirrel monkeys can utilize natural concepts in the laboratory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3114
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	Author	Hashimoto, C.; Takenaka, O.; Furuichi, T.
	Title	*Matrilineal kin relationship and social behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus): Sequencing the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	37	Issue	3	Pages	305-318-318
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract	Matrilineal kin-relations among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) were studied by DNA analysis. Subject individuals were the members of E1 group, living at Wamba, Zaire, which has been studied since 1974. DNA samples were extracted from wadges that bonobos spat out when feeding on sugar cane. The D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA was amplified by the PCR method, and a nucleotide sequence of 350 base pairs was determined for 17 individuals. Nucleotide variations were found at 44 positions of the sequence. Based on these variations, 13 matrilineal units were divided into seven groups, and the mother of an orphan male was determined among several females. These genetic analyses, together with behavioral observation to date, revealed the following facts. High sequence variation in the target region indicated that females transfer between groups of bonobos, which is in agreement with supposition from long-term field studies. For females, there was no relationship between genetic closeness and social closeness that is represented by frequencies of proximity or grooming. After immigration into a new group, females form social associations with senior females without regard to kin relationship.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Japan	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5199
Permanent link to this record



	Author	McGrew, W.; Marchant, L.
	Title	Laterality of hand use pays off in foraging success for wild chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	40	Issue	3	Pages	509-513
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract	The aim of this study was to see if behavioral lateralization in hand use benefits a lateralized organism in nature. We recorded wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe, Tanzania, fishing for termites (Macrotermes spp.), an extractive foraging task using elementary technology. We compared individual apes who were completely lateralized, using only one hand or the other for the task, versus those who were incompletely lateralized, using either hand. Exclusively lateralized individuals were more efficient, that is, gathered more prey per unit effort, but were no different in success or error rate from incompletely lateralized apes. This is the first demonstration of a payoff to laterality of behavioral function in primates in conditions of ecological validity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Japan	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5368
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	Author	Gholib, G.; Heistermann, M.; Agil, M.; Supriatna, I.; Purwantara, B.; Nugraha, T.P.; Engelhardt, A.
	Title	Comparison of fecal preservation and extraction methods for steroid hormone metabolite analysis in wild crested macaques			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	59	Issue	3	Pages	281-292
	Keywords
	Abstract	Since the non-invasive field endocrinology techniques were developed, several fecal preservation and extraction methods have been established for a variety of species. However, direct adaptation of methods from previous studies for use in crested macaques should be taken with caution. We conducted an experiment to assess the accuracy and stability of fecal estrogen metabolite (E1C) and glucocorticoid metabolite (GCM) concentrations in response to several preservation parameters: (1) time lag between sample collection and fecal preservation; (2) long-term storage of fecal samples in 80% methanol (MeOH) at ambient temperature; (3) different degrees of feces drying temperature using a conventional oven; and (4) different fecal preservation techniques (i.e., freeze-drying, oven-drying, and field-friendly extraction method) and extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol, and commercial alcohol). The study used fecal samples collected from crested macaques (Macaca nigra) living in the Tangkoko Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Samples were assayed using validated E1C and GCM enzyme immunoassays. Concentrations of E1C and GCM in unprocessed feces stored at ambient temperature remained stable for up to 8 h of storage after which concentrations of both E1C and GCM changed significantly compared to controls extracted at time 0. Long-term storage in 80% MeOH at ambient temperature affected hormone concentrations significantly with concentrations of both E1C and GCM increasing after 6 and 4 months of storage, respectively. Drying fecal samples using a conventional oven at 50, 70, and 90 °C did not affect the E1C concentrations, but led to a significant decline for GCM concentrations in samples dried at 90 °C. Different fecal preservation techniques and extraction solvents provided similar results for both E1C and GCM concentrations. Our results confirm previous studies that prior to application of fecal hormone analysis in a new species, several preservation parameters should be evaluated for their effects on hormone metabolite stability. The results also provide several options for fecal preservation, extraction, and storage methods that can be selected depending on the condition of the field site and laboratory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1610-7365	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gholib2018			Serial	6521
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	Author	Assersohn, C.; Whiten, A.; Kiwede, Z.T.; Tinka, J.; Karamagi, J.
	Title	Use of leaves to inspect ectoparasites in wild chimpanzees: a third cultural variant?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	45	Issue	4	Pages	255-258
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Ape Diseases/parasitology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/veterinary; Female; Grooming/physiology; Male; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Plant Leaves; Protozoa/*isolation & purification; Uganda
	Abstract	We report 26 cases of using leaves as tools with which wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Sonso community, Budongo Forest, Uganda, appeared to inspect objects removed during grooming. Careful removal of potential ectoparasites and delicate lip or manual placement on leaves followed by intense visual examination characterised this behaviour. It appears to be done to judge whether either ingestion or discarding is most appropriate, the former occurring in most cases. This behaviour may represent a third variant of ectoparasite handling, different from those described at Tai and Gombe, yet sharing features with the latter. These two East African techniques may thus have evolved from leaf grooming.
	Address	Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JU, Fife, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15179558			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	733
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	Author	Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	Observations on the ecology and social organization of the green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus, in Senegal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	341-350
	Keywords
	Abstract	The green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus, has not been studied in its natural habitat in West Africa. This paper reports observations made during a 3-month study in Senegal. Green monkeys live in multimale groups averaging some 12 individuals. Information is given on home range size, use of habitat, daily activity patterns, diet and birth seasonality. Social organization is discussed and data are given on the relationships between age-sex classes, aggression and leadership. Inter-group relations are discussed and it is suggested that groups defend their ranges as territories. The ecology and social organization of green monkeys is compared with that of populations ofC. aethiops studied in East Africa and they are found to be similar.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2062
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	Author	Southwick, C.H.; Siddiqi, M.R.
	Title	The role of social tradition in the maintenance of dominance in a wild rhesus group			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1967	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	341-353
	Keywords
	Abstract	Following the injury and disability of the dominant male, the home range of a group of rhesus in a rural habitat in Aligarh district was significantly reduced from 40 acres to less than 10 acres. Throughout this injury and prior to his death, the male maintained his dominance in reference to a peripheral male who frequently attempted to enter the group. Upon the death of the dominant male, group leadership and dominance was assumed by a young subdominant male within the group and the peripheral male still remained outside the group. These observations indicate a strong social tradition in the maintenance of dominance within this wild rhesus group, and they emphasize the role of the dominant male in maintaining home range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2064
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	Author	Bunnell, B.; Perkins, M.
	Title	Performance correlates of social behavior and organization: Social rank and complex problem solving in crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	21	Issue	4	Pages	515-523
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract  Seventeen male crab-eating macaques, drawn from two captive troops, were tested on a series of complex problem solving tasks in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (wgta). The animals were trained on a series of 6-trial object quality learning set problems followed by a series of 10-trial object quality learning set problems. They were then given problems in which the correct stimulus object was reversed part way through the problem. After the animals reached criterion on this task, the reversal learning set was then extinguished. High ranking animals made more intraproblem errors than low ranking animals on the 6-trial problems, but there was no relationship between social status and the rapidity with which the object quality learning set was established. Animals that received overtraining on the 6-trial problems transferred their learning virtually intact to the 10-trial problems; however, high ranking animals without overtraining made more errors than low ranking animals. On reversal learning and reversal extinction, high ranking animals made more errors on critical trials, indicating that they formed and extinguished the reversal set more slowly than low ranking animals. Object quality sets, as measured by trial-2 performance, were not affected by the reversal conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2082
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	Author	Koyama, N.
	Title	Playmate relationships among individuals of the Japanese monkey troop in arashiyama			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	26	Issue	4	Pages	390-406-406
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract	Observations of play behavior were made on a troop of Japanese monkeys for five months. The troop consisted of 125 animals during the study period. Only 104 animals were observed playing with the troop members while the other 21 animals were never observed playing with other individuals. Two-member play was the most frequent. On the average, a monkey played with 20.7 individuals. A total of 6,068 play bouts were observed. The frequency of play appeared to be affected by age, sex, and degree of relatedness. One-year-old infant males played most with other members and the frequency of play decreased with age. Between monkeys whose disparity of age was less than two years, 5,763 bouts (95.0% of the total) were observed. Moreover, among sameaged monkeys who comprised 10.6% of the possible pair combinations, 2,739 play bouts (45.1%) were observed. Juvenile males played with same-sexed peers more than with opposite-sexed peers, whereas older juvenile females appeared to play with infants of both sexes. Individuals who were related and similarly-ranked tended to play together. There was no apparent preference for animals to play with the offspring of the highest-ranking female. Dominance rank of infnats and juveniles was primarily affected by rank of their mothers and to a lesser extent by play partners. Dominance rank of older juvenile males is more likely to be affected by play partners than females. It may be a critical time for males when they leave their natal troop and join a new troop. The timing of troop shifting by males seemed to be affected by the presence or absence of play-mates. For male Japanese monkeys, play is very important in developing social bonds. Play may act to perpetuate social bonds, enhance the chance of survival, and may contribute to their future reproductive success.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Japan	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5327
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