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Author Berger, J.
Title Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses Type Journal Article
Year 1983 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 303 Issue (up) 5912 Pages 59-61
Keywords Abortion, Induced/*veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/*etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology
Abstract Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6682487 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4365
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Author Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
Title Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 308 Issue (up) 5959 Pages 541-543
Keywords *Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/*physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/*physiology; *Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
Abstract Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid.
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6709060 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 704
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Author Matsuzawa, T.
Title Use of numbers by a chimpanzee Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 315 Issue (up) 6014 Pages 57-59
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
Abstract Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'.
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3990808 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2793
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Author McGonigle, B.
Title Can apes learn to count? Type
Year 1985 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 315 Issue (up) 6014 Pages 16-17
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
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Notes PMID:3990806 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2794
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Author Marean, C.W.; Gifford-Gonzalez, D.
Title Late Quaternary extinct ungulates of East Africa and palaeoenvironmental implications Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 350 Issue (up) 6317 Pages 418-420
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Abstract UNGULATE communities of two East African savannas, the Serengeti and Athi-Kapiti Plains, are dominated by wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) supplemented by zebra (Equus burchelli), topi (Damaliscus lunatus), hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) eland (Taurotragus oryx) and gazelles (Gazella grand and G. thomsoni)1-3. Before this research, little was known of East African large mammal communities in the Late Pleistocene and early to middle Holocene. We document an extinct impala-sized alcelaphine antelope that is numerically dominant in Late Pleistocene archaeofaunal assemblages from the Athi-Kapiti Plains. The extinct giant buffalo Pelorovis antiquus is present, and a number of arid-adapted regionally extinct species are common. The small alcelaphine is rare in northern Tanzania, but regionally extinct arid-adapted species are present in Late Pleistocene deposits. These data indicate that as recently as 12,000 years ago, the large mammal community structure of East African savannas was very different and dry grasslands and arid-adapted ungulates expanded at least as far south as northern Tanzania during the Last Glacial Maximum.
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Notes 10.1038/350418a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2345
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Author Potts, W.K.; Manning, C.J.; Wakeland, E.K.
Title Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 352 Issue (up) 6336 Pages 619-621
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Notes 10.1038/352619a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5424
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Author Novacek, M.J.
Title Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 356 Issue (up) 6365 Pages 121-125
Keywords Animals; Evolution; Fossils; Mammals/classification/*genetics; *Phylogeny
Abstract Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues.
Address American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024
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Notes PMID:1545862 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3546
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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A.
Title Punishment in animal societies Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 373 Issue (up) 6511 Pages 209-216
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Abstract Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour.
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Notes 10.1038/373209a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4838
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Author Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H.
Title Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 393 Issue (up) 6684 Pages 440-442
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Abstract Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.
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Notes 10.1038/30918 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4989
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Author Clayton, N.S.; Dickinson, A.
Title Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 395 Issue (up) 6699 Pages 272-274
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Abstract The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what a particular event was, and where and when it occurred1,2, a form of memory that is thought to be unique to humans3. It is known, however, that food-storing birds remember the spatial location4, 5, 6 and contents6, 7, 8, 9 of their caches. Furthermore, food-storing animals adapt their caching and recovery strategies to the perishability of food stores10, 11, 12, 13, which suggests that they are sensitive to temporal factors. Here we show that scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'when' food items are stored by allowing them to recover perishable 'wax worms' (wax-moth larvae) and non-perishable peanuts which they had previously cached in visuospatially distinct sites. Jays searched preferentially for fresh wax worms, their favoured food, when allowed to recover them shortly after caching. However, they rapidly learned to avoid searching for worms after a longer interval during which the worms had decayed. The recovery preference of jays demonstrates memory of where and when particular food items were cached, thereby fulfilling the behavioural criteria for episodic-like memory in non-human animals.
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Notes 10.1038/26216 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4788
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