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Author |
Perkins, N.R.; Reid, S.W.J.; Morris, R.S. |
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Title |
Effect of training location and time period on racehorse performance in New Zealand. 1. Descriptive analysis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
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New Zealand Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
N Z Vet J |
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52 |
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5 |
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236-242 |
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AIM: To describe characteristics of Thoroughbred training stables in Matamata and in all other locations in New Zealand combined, over two 19-month time periods in 1996-1997 and 1998-1999, representing equal length periods immediately prior to and after the construction of a new training surface at the Matamata Racing Club. METHODS: Retrospective records covering all horses training and racing in New Zealand during two 19-month time periods (1996-1997 and 1998-1999), covering 161 locations, were obtained from New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing (NZTR). Outcome variables included whether a horse was raced again in the 6 months following any start in the first 13 months of either time period, number of race starts for every horse, and finishing position. Summary measures with confidence intervals (CI) and unadjusted odds ratios (OR), measuring strength of associations for various factors, were computed. RESULTS: The datasets contained information on 45,446 horses, 11,336 races, 5,110 trials and a total of 110,643 race starts. Horses trained at Matamata represented 8% (3,715) of the total horse datasets, and accounted for 11,977 race starts (10.8%). They were more likely to start in a race or trial in either time period and were 1.4 and 1.3 times as likely to finish first, second or third compared with horses trained at other locations in 1996-1997 and 1998-1999, respectively. A 6-month no-race period occurred for 9,306/12,584 (74%) horses that started at least once in the first 13 months of either time period. Horses trained at Matamata were less likely to have a 6-month no-race period than horses trained at other locations in both time periods. There was no effect of time period within each location on the probability of either a horse having a 6-month no-race period or of a race start being followed by a 6-month no-race period, but there was an overall effect of time and more 6-month no-race periods were observed in 1998-1999 relative to 1996-1997. CONCLUSION: Summary statistics are presented for Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand over two 19-month time periods. Differences between the populations of horses trained in Matamata compared with those trained at other locations were attributed, in part, to the fact that many of the more successful racehorse trainers in the country have stables at Matamata. As a result, the population of horses in Matamata may not be representative of the racehorse population in New Zealand. Although more likely to win or place in both time periods, the magnitude of the advantage to horses in Matamata was reduced in 1998-1999 relative to 1996-1997, and this could be due, in part, to effects of the new track surface at Matamata. There was no evidence of a rise in risk of a 6-month no-race period following any race start in those horses trained in Matamata in 1998-1999 relative to either horses trained at other locations or to horses trained in Matamata during the earlier time period. |
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Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. N.R.Perkins@massey.ac.nz |
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0048-0169 |
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PMID:15768118 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4039 |
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Gilbert-Norton, L.; Jule, K. Richards, G; Goto, K. |
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Social structure of pony (Equus caballus) mares in an all female herd on Lundy: analysis of dominance relationship and preferred associate. |
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2004 |
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Lundy Field Society Annual Report |
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54 |
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54 |
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71--88 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5744 |
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Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Shen-Orr, S.; Ayzenshtat, I.; Sheffer, M.; Alon, U. |
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Title |
Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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303 |
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5663 |
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1538-1542 |
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Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents “rate-limited” information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages. |
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10.1126/science.1089167 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5033 |
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Author |
Bloom, P. |
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Behavior. Can a dog learn a word? |
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2004 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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304 |
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5677 |
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1605-1606 |
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Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; *Dogs; Humans; *Learning; *Memory; *Vocabulary |
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Department of Psychology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. paul.bloom@yale.edu |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:15192205 |
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28 |
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Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Fischer, J. |
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Title |
Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for “Fast Mapping” |
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2004 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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304 |
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5677 |
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1682-1683 |
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During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure--a process dubbed “fast mapping.” Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans. |
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10.1126/science.1097859 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4678 |
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Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S. |
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Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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305 |
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5682 |
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407-410 |
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Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male |
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Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error. |
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Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:15256673 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2839 |
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Clayton, N.S. |
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Title |
COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question? |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5682 |
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344- |
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10.1126/science.1099512 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2955 |
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Danchin, E.; Giraldeau, L.-A.; Valone, T.J.; Wagner, R.H. |
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Public information: from nosy neighbors to cultural evolution |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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305 |
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5683 |
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487-491 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cues; *Cultural Evolution; *Decision Making; Environment; Evolution; Feeding Behavior; Female; Genes; Humans; Male; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal |
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Psychologists, economists, and advertising moguls have long known that human decision-making is strongly influenced by the behavior of others. A rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that the same is true in animals. Individuals can use information arising from cues inadvertently produced by the behavior of other individuals with similar requirements. Many of these cues provide public information about the quality of alternatives. The use of public information is taxonomically widespread and can enhance fitness. Public information can lead to cultural evolution, which we suggest may then affect biological evolution. |
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U.P.M.C. CNRS-UMR7625, Bat A-7e etage-Case 237, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. edanchin@snv.jussieu.fr |
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PMID:15273386 |
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2131 |
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Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Alon, U. |
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Response to Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks” |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5687 |
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1107d |
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10.1126/science.1100519 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5031 |
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Artzy-Randrup, Y.; Fleishman, S.J.; Ben-Tal, N.; Stone, L. |
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Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks” |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5687 |
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1107c |
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10.1126/science.1099334 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5037 |
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