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| Author |
Hildenbrandt, H.; Carere, C.; Hemelrijk, C.K. |
| Title |
Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue  |
6 |
Pages |
1349-1359 |
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| Abstract |
Through combining theoretical models and empirical data, complexity science has increased our understanding of social behavior of animals, in particular of social insects, primates, and fish. What are missing are studies of collective behavior of huge swarms of birds. Recently detailed empirical data have been collected of the swarming maneuvers of large flocks of thousands of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at their communal sleeping site (roost). Their flocking maneuvers are of dazzling complexity in their changes in density and flock shape, but the processes underlying them are still a mystery. Recent models show that flocking may arise by self-organization from rules of co-ordination with nearby neighbors, but patterns in these models come nowhere near the complexity of those of the real starlings. The question of this paper, therefore, is whether such complex patterns can emerge by self-organization. In our computer model, called StarDisplay, we combine the usual rules of co-ordination based on separation, attraction, and alignment with specifics of starling behavior: 1) simplified aerodynamics of flight, especially rolling during turning, 2) movement above a “roosting area” (sleeping site), and 3) the low fixed number of interaction neighbors (i.e., the topological range). Our model generates patterns that resemble remarkably not only qualitative but also quantitative empirical data collected in Rome through video recordings and position measurements by stereo photography. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying complex flocking maneuvers of starlings and other birds. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5403 |
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| Author |
Hobaiter, C.; Byrne, R. |
| Title |
Serial gesturing by wild chimpanzees: its nature and function for communication |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
827-838 |
| Keywords |
Biomedizin & Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
Chimpanzees at Budongo, Uganda, regularly gesture in series, including ‘bouts’ of gesturing that include response waiting and ‘sequences’ of rapid-fire gesturing without pauses. We examined the distribution and correlates of 723 sequences and 504 bouts for clues to the function of multigesture series. Gesturing by older chimpanzees was more likely to be successful, but the success rate of any particular gesture did not vary with signaller age. Rather, older individuals were more likely to choose successful gestures, and these highly successful gestures were more often used singly. These patterns explain why bouts were recorded most in younger animals, whereas older chimpanzees relied more on single gestures: bouts are best interpreted as a consequence of persistence in the face of failure. When at least one gesture of a successful type occurred in a sequence, that sequence was more likely to be successful; overall, however, sequences were less successful than single gestures. We suggest that young chimpanzees use sequences as a ‘fail-safe’ strategy: because they have the innate potential to produce a large and redundant repertoire of gestures but lack knowledge of which of them would be most efficient. Using sequences increases the chance of giving one effective gesture and also allows users to learn the most effective types. As they do so, they need to use sequences less; sequences may remain important for subtle interpersonal adjustment, especially in play. This ‘Repertoire Tuning’ hypothesis explains a number of results previously reported from chimpanzee gesturing. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5426 |
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h:, M.; Lévy, F.; Fortin, M.; Leterrier, C.; LansadLansade, L. |
| Title |
Stress and temperament affect working memory performance for disappearing food in horses, Equus caballus |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
86 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1233-1240 |
| Keywords |
delayed-response task emotion; equid; Equus caballus; fearfulness; individual difference; personality; stress; temperament |
| Abstract |
In the present study, we sought to determine the influence of stress and temperament on working memory for disappearing food in horses. After assessment of five dimensions of temperament, we tested working memory of horses using a delayed-response task requiring a choice between two food locations. Delays ranging from 0 to 20 s were tested. The duration of working memory for disappearing food was first characterized without stressors (N = 26). The horses were then divided into two groups and their performance was assessed under stressful (exposure to acute stressors prior to testing, N = 12) or control conditions (N = 12). Results showed that the duration of working memory for disappearing food lasted at least 20 s under nonstressful conditions, and that under stressful conditions this duration lasted less than 12 s. This stress-induced impairment confirms in a nonrodent species that working memory performance is very sensitive to exposure to stressors. In addition, working memory performance in horses is influenced by the temperamental dimension of fearfulness according to the state of stress: fearful horses showed better performance under control conditions and worse performance under stressful conditions than nonfearful horses. These findings are discussed in the context of the Yerkes–Dodson law of stress and performance. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5746 |
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| Author |
Fureix, C.; Jego, P.; Henry, S.; Lansade, L.; Hausberger, M. |
| Title |
Towards an Ethological Animal Model of Depression? A Study on Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
PLoS ONE |
Abbreviated Journal |
PLoS ONE |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
e39280 EP - |
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<sec><title>Background</title><p>Recent reviews question current animal models of depression and emphasise the need for ethological models of mood disorders based on animals living under natural conditions. Domestic horses encounter chronic stress, including potential stress at work, which can induce behavioural disorders (<italic>e.g.</italic> “apathy”). Our pioneering study evaluated the potential of domestic horses in their usual environment to become an ethological model of depression by testing this models’ face validity (<italic>i.e.</italic> behavioural similarity with descriptions of human depressive states).</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We observed the spontaneous behaviour of 59 working horses in their home environment, focusing on immobility bouts of apparent unresponsiveness when horses displayed an atypical posture (termed <italic>withdrawn</italic> hereafter), evaluated their responsiveness to their environment and their anxiety levels, and analysed cortisol levels. Twenty-four percent of the horses presented the withdrawn posture, also characterized by gaze, head and ears fixity, a profile that suggests a spontaneous expression of “behavioural despair”. When compared with control “non-withdrawn” horses from the same stable, withdrawn horses appeared more indifferent to environmental stimuli in their home environment but reacted more emotionally in more challenging situations. They exhibited lower plasma cortisol levels. Withdrawn horses all belonged to the same breed and females were over-represented.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>Horse might be a useful potential candidate for an animal model of depression. Face validity of this model appeared good, and potential genetic input and high prevalence of these disorders in females add to the convergence. At a time when current animal models of depression are questioned and the need for novel models is expressed, this study suggests that novel models and biomarkers could emerge from ethological approaches in home environments.</p></sec> |
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Public Library of Science |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5709 |
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van Duyne, C.; Ras, E.; de Vos, A.E.W.; de Boer, W.F.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.; Usukhjargal, D. |
| Title |
Wolf Predation Among Reintroduced Przewalski Horses in Hustai National Park, Mongolia |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Journal of Wildlife Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
Journal of Wildlife Management |
| Volume |
73 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
836-843 |
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The Wildlife Society |
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0022-541x |
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doi: 10.2193/2008-027 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5776 |
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Burla, J.-B.; Siegwart, J.; Nawroth, C. |
| Title |
Human Demonstration Does Not Facilitate the Performance of Horses (Equus caballus) in a Spatial Problem-Solving Task |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Animal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animal |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
96 |
| Keywords |
detour task; equids; social cognition; social learning; spatial cognition |
| Abstract |
Horses’ ability to adapt to new environments and to acquire new information plays an important role in handling and training. Social learning in particular would be very adaptive for horses as it enables them to flexibly adjust to new environments. In the context of horse handling, social learning from humans has been rarely investigated but could help to facilitate management practices. We assessed the impact of human demonstration on the spatial problem-solving abilities of horses during a detour task. In this task, a bucket with a food reward was placed behind a double-detour barrier and 16 horses were allocated to two test groups of 8 horses each. One group received a human demonstration of how to solve the spatial task while the other group received no demonstration. We found that horses did not solve the detour task more often or faster with human demonstration. However, both test groups improved rapidly over trials. Our results suggest that horses prefer to use individual rather than social information when solving a spatial problem-solving task |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6392 |
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Strien, A.J.; Swaay, C.A.M.; Termaat, T. |
| Title |
Opportunistic citizen science data of animal species produce reliable estimates of distribution trends if analysed with occupancy models |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Ecol |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1450-1458 |
| Keywords |
Bayesian inference; citizen science; detection; distribution; hierarchical modelling; Jags; monitoring; site occupancy |
| Abstract |
Summary Many publications documenting large-scale trends in the distribution of species make use of opportunistic citizen data, that is, observations of species collected without standardized field protocol and without explicit sampling design. It is a challenge to achieve reliable estimates of distribution trends from them, because opportunistic citizen science data may suffer from changes in field efforts over time (observation bias), from incomplete and selective recording by observers (reporting bias) and from geographical bias. These, in addition to detection bias, may lead to spurious trends. We investigated whether occupancy models can correct for the observation, reporting and detection biases in opportunistic data. Occupancy models use detection/nondetection data and yield estimates of the percentage of occupied sites (occupancy) per year. These models take the imperfect detection of species into account. By correcting for detection bias, they may simultaneously correct for observation and reporting bias as well. We compared trends in occupancy (or distribution) of butterfly and dragonfly species derived from opportunistic data with those derived from standardized monitoring data. All data came from the same grid squares and years, in order to avoid any geographical bias in this comparison. Distribution trends in opportunistic and monitoring data were well-matched. Strong trends observed in monitoring data were rarely missed in opportunistic data. Synthesis and applications. Opportunistic data can be used for monitoring purposes if occupancy models are used for analysis. Occupancy models are able to control for the common biases encountered with opportunistic data, enabling species trends to be monitored for species groups and regions where it is not feasible to collect standardized data on a large scale. Opportunistic data may thus become an important source of information to track distribution trends in many groups of species. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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0021-8901 |
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doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12158 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6437 |
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Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D. |
| Title |
The Perception of Rational, Goal-Directed Action in Nonhuman Primates |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1402-1405 |
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Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4241 |
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Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D. |
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online material |
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Miscellaneous |
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2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1402-1405 |
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| Abstract |
Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago. |
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10.1126/science.1144663 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4242 |
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Ash, C.; Chin, G.; Pennisi, E.; Sugden, A. |
| Title |
Living in Societies |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Science |
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Science |
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317 |
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5843 |
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1337- |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4246 |
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