Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Peltzer, K.; Mabilu, M.G.; Mathoho, S.F.; Nekhwevha, A.P.; Sikhwivhilu, T.; Sinthumule, T.S.
Title	Trauma history and severity of gambling involvement among horse-race gamblers in a South African gambling setting			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Psychological Reports	Abbreviated Journal	Psychol Rep
Volume	99	Issue	2	Pages	472-476
Keywords	Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group/psychology/statistics & numerical data; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gambling/psychology; Humans; Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Personality Inventory; Risk Factors; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Statistics; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology
Abstract	The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency of gambling involvement and the prevalence of problem gambling among horse race gamblers and to discover whether problem gambling in this sample is associated with a history of trauma. Among a sample of 266 South African horse-race gamblers (94% men and 6% women, Mage 46.8 yr., SD = 13.9, range 18-85 years), 31.2% were classified as probable pathological gamblers and 19.9% with problem gambling. Major weekly gambling activities included racetrack betting (82%), purchase of lottery tickets or scratch tickets (35%), purchase of sports lottery tickets (23%), and using casino type games (18%). Trauma history was significantly associated with gambling severity.
Address	Human Sciences Research Council, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, South Africa. KPeltzer@hsrc.ac.za
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0033-2941	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:17153816			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1850
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Author	Loveland, K.A.
Title	Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations			Type	Journal Article
Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	254-257
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception
Abstract
Address	Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8521267			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4161
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Author	Jacobs, A.; Maumy, M.; Petit, O.
Title	*The influence of social organisation on leadership in brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) in a controlled environment*			Type	Journal Article
Year	2008	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	79	Issue	2	Pages	111-113
Keywords	Animals; Decision Making; Dominance-Subordination; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Group Structure; Leadership; Lemur/psychology; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Environment
Abstract	Studies on leadership during group movements in several lemur species showed that females were responsible for the travelling choices concerning time and direction. Interestingly, in these species females are dominant over males. We investigated the influence of social organisation upon leadership processes by studying a lemur species in which social organisation is characterized by the absence of female dominance: the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). The study was conducted on a semi-free ranging group of 11 individuals and the analysis performed on 69 group movements showed that all the individuals could initiate a group movement. In 34 cases, the whole group moved. There was no significant difference in the number of start attempts or in the number of group members involved from one initiator to another. Moreover, there was no effect of sex or age of the initiator on the number of individuals following it or on the speed of the joining process. Therefore, the leadership observed is widely distributed to all group members. These results support the hypothesis of an influence of social organisation upon the decision-making processes but still remain to be studied in a more relevant ecological context.
Address	IPHC-DEPE, Equipe d'ethologie des primates, UMR 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Universite Louis Pasteur and Centre de Primatologie, Strasbourg, France
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:18586413			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5127
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Author	Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.
Title	Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions			Type	Journal Article
Year	1997	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
Volume	41	Issue	3	Pages	213-228
Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological
Abstract	This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition.
Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:9057966			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	203
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Author	Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
Title	Acoustic features of male baboon loud calls: influences of context, age, and individuality			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America	Abbreviated Journal	J Acoust Soc Am
Volume	111	Issue	3	Pages	1465-1474
Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Communication; Animals; Individuality; Male; Papio; Social Environment; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	The acoustic structure of loud calls (“wahoos”) recorded from free-ranging male baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, was examined for differences between and within contexts, using calls given in response to predators (alarm wahoos), during male contests (contest wahoos), and when a male had become separated from the group (contact wahoos). Calls were recorded from adolescent, subadult, and adult males. In addition, male alarm calls were compared with those recorded from females. Despite their superficial acoustic similarity, the analysis revealed a number of significant differences between alarm, contest, and contact wahoos. Contest wahoos are given at a much higher rate, exhibit lower frequency characteristics, have a longer “hoo” duration, and a relatively louder “hoo” portion than alarm wahoos. Contact wahoos are acoustically similar to contest wahoos, but are given at a much lower rate. Both alarm and contest wahoos also exhibit significant differences among individuals. Some of the acoustic features that vary in relation to age and sex presumably reflect differences in body size, whereas others are possibly related to male stamina and endurance. The finding that calls serving markedly different functions constitute variants of the same general call type suggests that the vocal production in nonhuman primates is evolutionarily constrained.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. fischer@eva.mpg.de
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0001-4966	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11931324			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	691
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Author	Horner, V.; Whiten, A.
Title	Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	8	Issue	3	Pages	164-181
Keywords	Animals; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; *Social Environment; Species Specificity
Abstract	This study explored whether the tendency of chimpanzees and children to use emulation or imitation to solve a tool-using task was a response to the availability of causal information. Young wild-born chimpanzees from an African sanctuary and 3- to 4-year-old children observed a human demonstrator use a tool to retrieve a reward from a puzzle-box. The demonstration involved both causally relevant and irrelevant actions, and the box was presented in each of two conditions: opaque and clear. In the opaque condition, causal information about the effect of the tool inside the box was not available, and hence it was impossible to differentiate between the relevant and irrelevant parts of the demonstration. However, in the clear condition causal information was available, and subjects could potentially determine which actions were necessary. When chimpanzees were presented with the opaque box, they reproduced both the relevant and irrelevant actions, thus imitating the overall structure of the task. When the box was presented in the clear condition they instead ignored the irrelevant actions in favour of a more efficient, emulative technique. These results suggest that emulation is the favoured strategy of chimpanzees when sufficient causal information is available. However, if such information is not available, chimpanzees are prone to employ a more comprehensive copy of an observed action. In contrast to the chimpanzees, children employed imitation to solve the task in both conditions, at the expense of efficiency. We suggest that the difference in performance of chimpanzees and children may be due to a greater susceptibility of children to cultural conventions, perhaps combined with a differential focus on the results, actions and goals of the demonstrator.
Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JU, UK. vkh1@st-andrews.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15549502			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	732
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Author	Devenport, J.A.; Patterson, M.R.; Devenport, L.D.
Title	*Dynamic averaging and foraging decisions in horses (Equus callabus)*			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Comparative psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume	119	Issue	3	Pages	352-358
Keywords	Animals; Decision Making; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/psychology; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Motivation; Orientation; *Social Environment
Abstract	The variability of most environments taxes foraging decisions by increasing the uncertainty of the information available. One solution to the problem is to use dynamic averaging, as do some granivores and carnivores. Arguably, the same strategy could be useful for grazing herbivores, even though their food renews and is more homogeneously distributed. Horses (Equus callabus) were given choices between variable patches after short or long delays. When patch information was current, horses returned to the patch that was recently best, whereas those without current information matched choices to the long-term average values of the patches. These results demonstrate that a grazing species uses dynamic averaging and indicate that, like granivores and carnivores, they can use temporal weighting to optimize foraging decisions.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Central Oklahoma, 73034, USA. jdevenport@ucok.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16131264			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	752
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Author	Call, J.; Carpenter, M.; Tomasello, M.
Title	Copying results and copying actions in the process of social learning: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	8	Issue	3	Pages	151-163
Keywords	Animals; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Random Allocation; *Social Environment; Species Specificity
Abstract	There is currently much debate about the nature of social learning in chimpanzees. The main question is whether they can copy others' actions, as opposed to reproducing the environmental effects of these actions using their own preexisting behavioral strategies. In the current study, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens) were shown different demonstrations of how to open a tube-in both cases by a conspecific. In different experimental conditions, demonstrations consisted of (1) action only (the actions necessary to open the tube without actually opening it); (2) end state only (the open tube, without showing any actions); (3) both of these components (in a full demonstration); or (4) neither of these components (in a baseline condition). In the first three conditions subjects saw one of two different ways that the tube could open (break in middle; caps off ends). Subjects' behavior in each condition was assessed for how often they opened the tube, how often they opened it in the same location as the demonstrator, and how often they copied the demonstrator's actions or style of opening the tube. Whereas chimpanzees reproduced mainly the environmental results of the demonstrations (emulation), human children often reproduced the demonstrator's actions (imitation). Because the procedure used was similar in many ways to the procedure that Meltzoff (Dev Psych 31:1, 1995) used to study the understanding of others' unfulfilled intentions, the implications of these findings with regard to chimpanzees' understanding of others' intentions are also discussed.
Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15490290			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2504
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Author	Zentall, T.R.
Title	Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	335-353
Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Motivation; Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:17024510			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	217
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Author	Larose, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Hausberger, M.; Rogers, L.J.
Title	Laterality of horses associated with emotionality in novel situations			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Laterality	Abbreviated Journal	Laterality
Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	355-367
Keywords	Affect/physiology; Animals; Brain/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Horses; Male; Social Behavior; *Social Environment
Abstract	We have established that lateral biases are characteristic of visual behaviour in 65 horses. Two breeds, Trotters and French Saddlebreds aged 2 to 3, were tested on a novel object test. The main finding was a significant correlation between emotionality index and the eye preferred to view the novel stimulus: the higher the emotionality, the more likely that the horse looked with its left eye. The less emotive French Saddlebreds, however, tended to glance at the object using the right eye, a tendency that was not found in the Trotters, although the emotive index was the same for both breeds. The youngest French Saddlebreds did not show this trend. These results are discussed in relation to the different training practices for the breeds and broader findings on lateralisation in different species.
Address	Universite de Rennes 1, France
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1357-650X	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16754236			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	1826
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