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Boy V, D. P. (1979). Time-budgets of Camargue horses, I. Development changes in the time-budgets of foals. Behaviour, 71, 187–202.
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Duncan P,. (1979). Time-budgets of Camrgue horses; II. Time- budgets of adult horses and weaned sub-adults. Behaviour, 72, 26–49.
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Kiley,. (1976). The tail movements of ungulates, canids and felids with particular reference to their causation and function as displays. Behaviour, 56, 69–115.
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Schloeth R,. (1956). Zur Psychologie der Begegnung zwischen Tieren. Behaviour, 10, 1–80.
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WARING GH et al,. The behaviour of horses. (pp. 330–369).
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Boinski, S. (2005). Dispersal patterns among three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus): III. Cognition. Behaviour, 142, 679–699.
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Feh, C. (2005). Relationships and Communication in Socially Natural Horse Herds. In D. S. Mills, & S. M. McDonnell (Eds.), The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2005.
Abstract: Horses are quite unique. In most mammals, sexes segregate and maintain bonds only during the breeding season (Clutton-Brock, 1989). Some canids, a few rodents and primate species such as gorillas, hamadryas baboons and red howler monkeys are the exception, where the same males stay with the same females all year round and over many breeding seasons. Typically, both sexes disperse at puberty in these species. In horses, it was clearly shown that the causes for female dispersal were incest avoidance and not intra-specific competition (Monard, 1996). As a rule, this is confirmed for mammal species where tenure length by males exceeds the age at first reproduction in females (Clutton-Brock, 1989). When horses are allowed to choose their mating partner freely, the inbreeding coefficient of the offspring is lower than expected should they mate randomly (Duncan et al, 1984).
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Boy, V., & Duncan, P. (1979). Time-budgets of Camargue horses. I. Developmental changes in the time-budgets of foals. Behaviour, 71, 187–201.
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Meunier, H., Leca, J. B., Deneubourg, J. L., & Petit, O. (2006). Group movement decisions in capuchin monkeys: the utility of an experimental study and a mathematical model to explore the relationship between individual and collective behaviours. Behaviour, 143, 1511–1527.
Abstract: In primate groups, collective movements are typically described as processes dependent on leadership mechanisms. However, in some species, decision-making includes negotiations and distributed leadership. These facts suggest that simple underlying processes may explain certain decision mechanisms during collective movements. To study such processes, we have designed experiments on white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) during which we provoked collective movements involving a binary choice. These experiments enabled us to analyse the spatial decisions of individuals in the group. We found that the underlying process includes anonymous mimetism, which means that each individual may influence all members of the group. To support this result, we created a mathematical model issued from our experimental data. A totally anonymous model does not fit perfectly with our experimental distribution. A more individualised model, which takes into account the specific behaviour of social peripheral individuals, revealed the validity of the mimetism hypothesis. Even though white-faced capuchins have complex cognitive abilities, a coexistence of anonymous and social mechanisms appears to influence their choice of direction during collective movements. The present approach may offer vital insights into the relationships between individual behaviours and their emergent collective acts.
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Duncan, P. (1985). Time-budgets of Camargue horses III. Environmental influences. Behaviour, 92, 188–208.
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