|
BERNITSCHKE K et al,. (1965). Chromosome complement: differences between Equus caballus and Equus przewalskii, Poliakoff. Science, 148, 382.
|
|
Berger J,. (1983). Ecology and catastrophic mortality in wild horses: Implantations for interpreting fossil assemblages. Science 220, , 1403–1404.
|
|
Hildebrand M,. (1965). Symmetrial gaits of horses. Science, 150.
|
|
Lowenstein Jm,. (1985). The cry of the quagga. Counterpoints in Science, , 40–42.
|
|
Gallup GG. (1970). Chimpanzees: self-recognition. Science, 167, 86.
|
|
Premack D, & Woodruff G. (1978). Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension. Science, 202(3), 532.
|
|
Zentall TR, & Levine JM. (1972). Observational learning and social facilitation in the rat. Science, 178, 1220.
|
|
Clayton NS, & Dickinson A. (2006). Rational rats. Science, 9, 472.
|
Hartmann, E., Christensen, J. W., & McGreevy, P. D. Dominance and leadership: Useful concepts in human-horse interactions? Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, .
Abstract: Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to sub-optimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horses? natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human-horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse?s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human-horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human-horse interactions.
|
A. Wiggins, & K. Crowston. (2011). From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science. In 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1–10). 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Abstract: Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types-Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education- that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation.
|
