Records |
Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; Freeman, C.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Partner's behavior, not reward distribution, determines success in an unequal cooperative task in capuchin monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
68 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
713-724 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Food Preferences/physiology; Male; *Reward |
Abstract |
It was recently demonstrated that capuchin monkeys notice and respond to distributional inequity, a trait that has been proposed to support the evolution of cooperation in the human species. However, it is unknown how capuchins react to inequitable rewards in an unrestricted cooperative paradigm in which they may freely choose both whether to participate and, within the bounds of their partner's behavior, which reward they will receive for their participation. We tested capuchin monkeys with such a design, using a cooperative barpull, which has been used with great success in the past. Contrary to our expectations, the equity of the reward distribution did not affect success or pulling behavior. However, the behavior of the partner in an unequal situation did affect overall success rates: pairs that had a tendency to alternate which individual received the higher-value food in unequal reward situations were more than twice as successful in obtaining rewards than pairs in which one individual dominated the higher-value food. This ability to equitably distribute rewards in inherently biased cooperative situations has profound implications for activities such as group hunts, in which multiple individuals work together for a single, monopolizable reward. |
Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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Notes |
PMID:16786518 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
160 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Monkeys reject unequal pay |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
425 |
Issue |
6955 |
Pages |
297-299 |
Keywords |
Aging; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; Choice Behavior; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Male; *Reward; Social Justice |
Abstract |
During the evolution of cooperation it may have become critical for individuals to compare their own efforts and pay-offs with those of others. Negative reactions may occur when expectations are violated. One theory proposes that aversion to inequity can explain human cooperation within the bounds of the rational choice model, and may in fact be more inclusive than previous explanations. Although there exists substantial cultural variation in its particulars, this 'sense of fairness' is probably a human universal that has been shown to prevail in a wide variety of circumstances. However, we are not the only cooperative animals, hence inequity aversion may not be uniquely human. Many highly cooperative nonhuman species seem guided by a set of expectations about the outcome of cooperation and the division of resources. Here we demonstrate that a nonhuman primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), responds negatively to unequal reward distribution in exchanges with a human experimenter. Monkeys refused to participate if they witnessed a conspecific obtain a more attractive reward for equal effort, an effect amplified if the partner received such a reward without any effort at all. These reactions support an early evolutionary origin of inequity aversion. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
1476-4687 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:13679918 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
179 |
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Author |
Johnson, D.D.P.; Stopka, P.; Knights, S. |
Title |
Sociology: The puzzle of human cooperation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
421 |
Issue |
6926 |
Pages |
911-2; discussion 912 |
Keywords |
Altruism; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; Humans; *Models, Biological; Punishment; Reward; Risk |
Abstract |
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Address |
Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. dominic@post.harvard.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:12606989 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
467 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Berger, M.L. |
Title |
Payment for labour in monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
404 |
Issue |
6778 |
Pages |
563 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Reward |
Abstract |
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Address |
Living Links, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10766228 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
190 |
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Author |
Williams, N. |
Title |
Evolutionary psychologists look for roots of cognition |
Type |
|
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
275 |
Issue |
5296 |
Pages |
29-30 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Birds; *Cognition; *Evolution; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Memory; Reward; *Social Sciences |
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English |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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Notes |
PMID:8999531 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2845 |
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Author |
Ernst, K.; Puppe, B.; Schon, P.C.; Manteuffel, G. |
Title |
A complex automatic feeding system for pigs aimed to induce successful behavioural coping by cognitive adaptation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
91 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
205-218 |
Keywords |
Learning; Cognition; Reward; Welfare; Pig |
Abstract |
In modern intensive husbandry systems there is an increasing tendency for animals to interact with technical equipment. If the animal-technology interface is well-designed this may improve animal welfare by offering challenges for cognitive adaptation. Here a system and its application is presented that acoustically calls individual pigs out of a group (n = 8) to a feeding station. In three different learning phases, the computer-controlled “call-feeding-station” (CFS) trained the animals to recognize a specific acoustic signal as a summons for food, using a combination of classical and operant conditioning techniques. The experimental group's stall contained four CFSs, at each of which one animal at a time was able to feed. When an animal had learned to discriminate and recognize its individual acoustic signal it had to localize the particular CFS that was calling and to enter inside it. Then, it received a portion of feed, the amount of which was adapted to the respective age of the animals. Each animal was called at several, unpredictable times each day and the computer programme ensured that the total feed supply was sufficient for each animal. In the last phase of the experiment the animals, in addition, had to press a button with an increasing fixed ratio for the delivery of feed. It was demonstrated that the pigs were able to adapt quickly to the CFSs. Although they were challenged over 12 h daily by requirements of attention, sensory localization and motor efforts to gain comparatively low amounts of feed, they performed well and reached fairly constant success rates between 90 and 95% and short delays between 14 and 16 s between a summons and the food release in the last phase of the experiment. The weight gain during the experiment was the same as in a conventionally fed control group (n = 8). We therefore conclude that CFSs present a positive challenge to the animals with no negative effects on performance but with a potentially beneficial role for welfare and against boredom. The system is also a suitable experimental platform for research on the effects of successful adaptation by rewarded cognitive processes in pigs. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2898 |
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Author |
Hockenhull, J.; Creighton, E. |
Title |
Unwanted oral investigative behaviour in horses: A note on the relationship between mugging behaviour, hand-feeding titbits and clicker training |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
127 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
104-107 |
Keywords |
Equine; Horse; Titbits; Food rewards; Clicker training; Mugging behaviour |
Abstract |
Unwanted oral investigative in horses has been anecdotally attributed to the practice of hand-feeding. Fears over such behaviour developing as a consequence of using food rewards, for example in clicker training, have been implicated as a common reason for not employing food-based positive reinforcement training techniques. This study used data generated as part of a larger research project, and explored associations between five common oral investigative behaviours and the practices of hand-feeding and clicker training. Data were from a convenience sample of UK leisure horse owners using two self-administered Internet surveys. Ninety-one percent of respondents reported giving their horse food by hand and this practice was significantly associated with three of the five oral investigative behaviours, licking hands (P = 0.006), gently searching clothing (P < 0.001) and roughly searching clothing (P = 0.003). Nipping hands and biting clothes were not associated with hand-feeding, suggesting that risk factors for these behaviours originate outside of this practice. Clicker training techniques were employed by 14% of respondents and their use was not associated with the incidence of any of the five oral investigative behaviours. These findings suggest that horse owners should not be deterred from using food-based positive reinforcement techniques with their horses, as fears that this practice will result in unwanted oral investigative behaviours from their horses appear unfounded. |
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ISSN |
0168-1591 |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5183 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Responses to a simple barter task in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
46 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
173-182 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Learning/*physiology; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Reward; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; *Token Economy |
Abstract |
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) frequently participate in social exchange involving multiple goods and services of variable value, yet they have not been tested in a formalized situation to see whether they can barter using multiple tokens and rewards. We set up a simple barter economy with two tokens and two associated rewards and tested chimpanzees on their ability to obtain rewards by returning the matching token in situations in which their access to tokens was unlimited or limited. Chimpanzees easily learned to associate value with the tokens, as expected, and did barter, but followed a simple strategy of favoring the higher-value token, regardless of the reward proffered, instead of a more complex but more effective strategy of returning the token that matched the reward. This response is similar to that shown by capuchin monkeys in our previous study. We speculate that this response, while not ideal, may be sufficient to allow for stability of the social exchange system in these primates, and that the importance of social barter to both species may have led to this convergence of strategies. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
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Notes |
PMID:15824938 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
167 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Pigeons shift their preference toward locations of food that take more effort to obtain |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
405-415 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; Columbidae; *Exertion; *Feeding Behavior; Reward |
Abstract |
Although animals typically prefer to exert less effort rather than more effort to obtain food, the present research shows that requiring greater effort to obtain food at a particular location appears to increase the value of that location. In Experiment 1, pigeons' initial preference for one feeder was significantly reduced by requiring 1 peck to obtain food from that feeder and requiring 30 pecks to obtain food from the other feeder. In Experiment 2, a similar decrease in preference was not found when pigeons received reinforcement from both feeders independently of the amount of effort required. These results are consistent with the within-trial contrast effect proposed by in which the relative hedonic value of a reward depends on the state of the animal immediately prior to the reward. The greater the improvement from that prior state the greater the value of the reinforcer. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0376-6357 |
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PMID:15518990 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
227 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J. |
Title |
Uncertainty in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
738-745 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception |
Abstract |
Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions. |
Address |
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:14620372 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
366 |
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