Records |
Author |
Czerlinski, G.H.; Wagner, M.; Erickson, J.O.; Theorell, H. |
Title |
Chemical relaxation studies on the system liver alcohol dehydrogenase, NADH and imidazole |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Acta Chemica Scandinavica. Series B: Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Chem Scand B |
Volume |
29 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
8 |
Pages |
797-810 |
Keywords |
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*metabolism; Animals; Computers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Imidazoles/*metabolism; Kinetics; Liver/enzymology/*metabolism; Mathematics; Models, Chemical; NAD/*metabolism; Time Factors |
Abstract |
Several years ago, Theorell and Czerlinski conducted experiments on the system of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and imidazole, using the first version of the temperature jump apparatus with detection of changes in fluorescence. These early experiments were repeated with improved instrumentation and confirmed the early experiments in general terms. However, the improved detection system allowed to measure a slight concentration dependence of the relaxation time of around 3 ms. Furthermore, the chemical relaxation time was smaller than the one determined earlier (by factor 2). The data were evaluated much more rigorously than before, allowing an appropriate interpretation of the results. The observed relaxation time is largely due to rate constants in an interconversion of ternary complexes, which are faster than three (of the four) dissociation rate constants, determined previously by Theorell and McKinley-McKee.1,2 This fact contributed to earlier difficulties of finding any concentration dependence. However, the binding of imidazole to the binary enzyme-coenzyme complex can be made to couple kinetically into the interconversion rate of the two ternary complexes. The observed signal derives largely from the ternary complex(es). A substantial fluorescence signal change is associated with the observed relaxation process, suggesting a relocation of the imidazole in reference to the nicotinamide moiety of the bound coenzyme. Nine models are considered with two types of coupling of pre-equilibria (none-all). Quantitative evaluations favor the model with two ternary complexes connected by an interconversion outside the four-step (bimolecular) cycle. The ternary complex outside the cycle has much higher fluorescence yield than the one inside. The interconversion equilibrium is near unity for imidazole. If it would be shifted very much to the side of the “dead-end” complex (as in isobutyramide?!), stimulating action could not take place. |
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ISSN |
0302-4369 |
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Notes |
PMID:882 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
3887 |
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Author |
Matsuzawa, T. |
Title |
Use of numbers by a chimpanzee |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
315 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6014 |
Pages |
57-59 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
Abstract |
Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:3990808 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2793 |
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Author |
Czerlinski, G.H.; Erickson, J.O.; Theorell, H. |
Title |
Chemical relaxation studies on the horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase system |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Physiological Chemistry and Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol Chem Phys |
Volume |
11 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6 |
Pages |
537-569 |
Keywords |
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*metabolism; Animals; Buffers; Electron Transport; Ethanol/metabolism; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Liver/*enzymology; Mathematics; NAD/metabolism; Oscillometry; Osmolar Concentration; Temperature; Time Factors |
Abstract |
Chemical relaxation studies on the system horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and ethanol were conducted observing fluorescence changes between 400 and 500 nm. Temperature-jump experiments were performed at pH 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0; concentration-jump experiments at pH 9.0. The reciprocal of the slowest relaxation time was found to be linearly dependent upon the enzyme concentration for relatively low enzyme concentrations, as predicted earlier. Use of the wide pH-range necessitated expression of the four apparent dissociation constants of the catalytic reaction cycle in terms of pH-independent constants. The system was described in terms of only one (or two) catalysis-linked protons not associated with the electron transfer. Protonic steps in a buffered system are in rapid equilibrium, too fast to be measured with the equipment available. Assuming only two of the four bimolecular reaction steps in the four-step cycle are fast compared to the remaining two, six cases may be considered with six expressions for the reciprocal of the slowest relaxation time. Comparison with the experimental data revealed that the bimolecular reaction steps governing the slowest relaxation time change with pH. Above the effective time resolution of the temperature-lump instrument with fluorescence detection (0.1 msec) only one other relaxation time was detectable and only at pH 9. This relaxation time, found to be independent of the concentration of all reactants within experimental error (r = 10 +/- 5 msec), is most likely due to an interconversion among ternary complexes. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0031-9325 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:44918 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3813 |
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Author |
Brannon, E.M.; Terrace, H.S. |
Title |
Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
282 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5389 |
Pages |
746-749 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Mathematics; *Mental Processes |
Abstract |
A fundamental question in cognitive science is whether animals can represent numerosity (a property of a stimulus that is defined by the number of discriminable elements it contains) and use numerical representations computationally. Here, it was shown that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosity of visual stimuli and detect their ordinal disparity. Two monkeys were first trained to respond to exemplars of the numerosities 1 to 4 in an ascending numerical order (1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4). As a control for non-numerical cues, exemplars were varied with respect to size, shape, and color. The monkeys were later tested, without reward, on their ability to order stimulus pairs composed of the novel numerosities 5 to 9. Both monkeys responded in an ascending order to the novel numerosities. These results show that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosities 1 to 9 on an ordinal scale. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. liz@psych.columbia.edu |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:9784133 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
606 |
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Author |
Real, L.A. |
Title |
Animal choice behavior and the evolution of cognitive architecture |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
253 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
5023 |
Pages |
980-986 |
Keywords |
Animals; Bees/genetics/*physiology; Biomechanics; *Choice Behavior; *Cognition; *Evolution; Mathematics; Models, Genetic; Probability |
Abstract |
Animals process sensory information according to specific computational rules and, subsequently, form representations of their environments that form the basis for decisions and choices. The specific computational rules used by organisms will often be evolutionarily adaptive by generating higher probabilities of survival, reproduction, and resource acquisition. Experiments with enclosed colonies of bumblebees constrained to foraging on artificial flowers suggest that the bumblebee's cognitive architecture is designed to efficiently exploit floral resources from spatially structured environments given limits on memory and the neuronal processing of information. A non-linear relationship between the biomechanics of nectar extraction and rates of net energetic gain by individual bees may account for sensitivities to both the arithmetic mean and variance in reward distributions in flowers. Heuristic rules that lead to efficient resource exploitation may also lead to subjective misperception of likelihoods. Subjective probability formation may then be viewed as a problem in pattern recognition subject to specific sampling schemes and memory constraints. |
Address |
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280 |
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English |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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Notes |
PMID:1887231 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2846 |
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Author |
Jones, J.E.; Antoniadis, E.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Kamil, A.C. |
Title |
A comparative study of geometric rule learning by nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), pigeons (Columba livia), and jackdaws (Corvus monedula) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
116 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
4 |
Pages |
350-356 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Birds; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Learning/*physiology; *Mathematics; Random Allocation; Spatial Behavior/*physiology |
Abstract |
Three avian species, a seed-caching corvid (Clark's nutcrackers; Nucifraga columbiana), a non-seed-caching corvid (jackdaws; Corvus monedula), and a non-seed-caching columbid (pigeons; Columba livia), were tested for ability to learn to find a goal halfway between 2 landmarks when distance between the landmarks varied during training. All 3 species learned, but jackdaws took much longer than either pigeons or nutcrackers. The nutcrackers searched more accurately than either pigeons or jackdaws. Both nutcrackers and pigeons showed good transfer to novel landmark arrays in which interlandmark distances were novel, but inconclusive results were obtained from jackdaws. Species differences in this spatial task appear quantitative rather than qualitative and are associated with differences in natural history rather than phylogeny. |
Address |
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588-0118, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0735-7036 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:12539930 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
369 |
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Author |
Pepperberg, I.M. |
Title |
Grey parrot numerical competence: a review |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
9 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
4 |
Pages |
377-391 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Comprehension; *Concept Formation; *Mathematics; *Parrots |
Abstract |
The extent to which humans and nonhumans share numerical competency is a matter of debate. Some researchers argue that nonhumans, lacking human language, possess only a simple understanding of small quantities, generally less than four. Animals that have, however, received some training in human communication systems might demonstrate abilities intermediate between those of untrained nonhumans and humans. Here I review data for a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) that has been shown to quantify sets of up to and including six items (including heterogeneous subsets) using vocal English labels, to comprehend these labels fully, and to have a zero-like concept. Recent research demonstrates that he can also sum small quantities. His success shows that he understands number symbols as abstract representations of real-world collections, and that his sense of number compares favorably to that of chimpanzees and young human children. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:16909236 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2448 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Lewis, K.P.; Jaffe, S.; Brannon, E.M. |
Title |
Analog number representations in mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz): evidence from a search task |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
8 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
4 |
Pages |
247-252 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Lemuridae/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; Odors; Smell/physiology; Time Factors |
Abstract |
A wealth of data demonstrating that monkeys and apes represent number have been interpreted as suggesting that sensitivity to number emerged early in primate evolution, if not before. Here we examine the numerical capacities of the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz), a member of the prosimian suborder of primates that split from the common ancestor of monkeys, apes and humans approximately 47-54 million years ago. Subjects observed as an experimenter sequentially placed grapes into an opaque bucket. On half of the trials the experimenter placed a subset of the grapes into a false bottom such that they were inaccessible to the lemur. The critical question was whether lemurs would spend more time searching the bucket when food should have remained in the bucket, compared to when they had retrieved all of the food. We found that the amount of time lemurs spent searching was indicative of whether grapes should have remained in the bucket, and furthermore that lemur search time reliably differentiated numerosities that differed by a 1:2 ratio, but not those that differed by a 2:3 or 3:4 ratio. Finally, two control conditions determined that lemurs represented the number of food items, and neither the odor of the grapes, nor the amount of grape (e.g., area) in the bucket. These results suggest that mongoose lemurs have numerical representations that are modulated by Weber's Law. |
Address |
Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:15660208 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2497 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jordan, K.E.; Brannon, E.M. |
Title |
Weber's Law influences numerical representations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
9 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
3 |
Pages |
159-172 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Perceptual Masking; *Problem Solving; Psychological Theory; Psychometrics |
Abstract |
We present the results of two experiments that probe the ability of rhesus macaques to match visual arrays based on number. Three monkeys were first trained on a delayed match-to-sample paradigm (DMTS) to match stimuli on the basis of number and ignore continuous dimensions such as element size, cumulative surface area, and density. Monkeys were then tested in a numerical bisection experiment that required them to indicate whether a sample numerosity was closer to a small or large anchor value. Results indicated that, for two sets of anchor values with the same ratio, the probability of choosing the larger anchor value systematically increased with the sample number and the psychometric functions superimposed. A second experiment employed a numerical DMTS task in which the choice values contained an exact numerical match to the sample and a distracter that varied in number. Both accuracy and reaction time were modulated by the ratio between the correct numerical match and the distracter, as predicted by Weber's Law. |
Address |
Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:16575587 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2471 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A. |
Title |
Macaques' (Macaca mulatta) use of numerical cues in maze trials |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
8 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
3 |
Pages |
190-199 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; *Maze Learning; *Pattern Recognition, Visual |
Abstract |
We tested the ability of number-trained rhesus monkeys to use Arabic numeral cues to discriminate between different series of maze trials and anticipate the final trial in each series. The monkeys' prior experience with numerals also allowed us to investigate spontaneous transfer between series. A total of four monkeys were tested in two experiments. In both experiments, the monkeys were trained on a computerized task consisting of three reinforced maze trials followed by one nonreinforced trial. The goal of the maze was an Arabic numeral 3, which corresponded to the number of reinforced maze trials in the series. In experiment 1 (n=2), the monkeys were given probe trials of the numerals 2 and 4 and in experiment 2 (n=2), they were given probe trials of the numerals 2-8. The monkeys receiving the probe trials 2 and 4 showed some generalization to the new numerals and developed a pattern of performing more slowly on the nonreinforced trial than the reinforced trial before it for most series, indicating the use of the changing numeral cues to anticipate the nonreinforced trial. The monkeys receiving probe trials of the numerals 2-8 did not predict precisely when the nonreinforced trial would occur in each series, but they did incorporate the changing numerals into their strategy for performing the task. This study provides the first evidence that number-trained monkeys can use Arabic numerals to perform a task involving sequential presentations. |
Address |
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. eharris11@gsu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15654597 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2498 |
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