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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	72	Issue	2	Pages	173-183
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; Imagination; Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16466863			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	218
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Selective and divided attention in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	69	Issue	1	Pages	1-15
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology); Field Dependence-Independence; *Psychological Theory
	Abstract	This article reviews some of the research on attentional processes in animals. In the traditional approach to selective attention, it is proposed that in addition to specific response attachments, animals also learn something about the dimension along which the stimuli fall (e.g., hue, brightness, or line orientation). More recently, there has been an attempt to find animal analogs to methodologies originally applied to research with humans. One line of research has been directed to the question of whether animals can locate a target among distracters faster if they are prepared for the presentation of the target (search image and priming). In the study of search image, the target is typically a food item and the cue consists of previous trials on which the same target is presented. In research on priming effects, the cue is typically different from the target but is a good predictor of its occurrence. The study of preattentive processes shows that perceptually, certain stimuli stand out from distracters better than others, depending not only on characteristics of the target relative to the distracters, but also on relations among the distracters. Research on divided attention is examined with the goal of determining whether an animal can process two elements of a compound sample with the same efficiency as one. Taken together, the reviewed research indicates that animals are capable of centrally (not just peripherally) attending to selective aspects of a stimulus display.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15795066			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	224
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	Author	Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Pigeons shift their preference toward locations of food that take more effort to obtain			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	67	Issue	3	Pages	405-415
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Exertion; Feeding Behavior; Reward
	Abstract	Although animals typically prefer to exert less effort rather than more effort to obtain food, the present research shows that requiring greater effort to obtain food at a particular location appears to increase the value of that location. In Experiment 1, pigeons' initial preference for one feeder was significantly reduced by requiring 1 peck to obtain food from that feeder and requiring 30 pecks to obtain food from the other feeder. In Experiment 2, a similar decrease in preference was not found when pigeons received reinforcement from both feeders independently of the amount of effort required. These results are consistent with the within-trial contrast effect proposed by in which the relative hedonic value of a reward depends on the state of the animal immediately prior to the reward. The greater the improvement from that prior state the greater the value of the reinforcer.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15518990			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	227
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	Author	Friedrich, A.M.; Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Functional equivalence in pigeons involving a four-member class			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	67	Issue	3	Pages	395-403
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Columbidae; Concept Formation
	Abstract	Research suggests that animals are capable of forming functional equivalence relations or stimulus classes of the kind usually demonstrated by humans (e.g., the class defined by an object and the word for that object). In pigeons, such functional equivalences are typically established using many-to-one matching-to-sample in which two samples are associated with one comparison stimulus and two different samples are associated with the other. Evidence for the establishment of functional equivalences between samples associated with the same comparison comes from transfer tests. In Experiment 1, we found that pigeons can form a single class consisting of four members (many-to-one matching) when the alternative class has only one member (one-to-one matching). In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility that the pigeons acquired the hybrid one-to-one/many-to-one task by developing a single-code/default coding strategy as earlier research suggested that it might. Thus, pigeons can develop a functional class consisting of as many as four members, with the alternative class consisting of a single member.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15518989			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	228
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Taking the best for learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	147-9; author reply 159-63
	Keywords	Algorithms; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Evolution; Learning; Models, Theoretical
	Abstract	Examples of how animals learn when multiple, sometimes redundant, cues are present provide further examples not considered by Hutchinson and Gigerenzer that seem to fit the principle of taking the best. “The best” may the most valid cue in the present circumstances; evolution may also produce species-specific biases to use the most functionally relevant cues.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G3. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15845301			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	361
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	Author	Lafferty, K.D.
	Title	Look what the cat dragged in: do parasites contribute to human cultural diversity?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	68	Issue	3	Pages	279-282
	Keywords	Adaptation, Physiological/physiology; Adaptation, Psychological/physiology; Animals; Behavior/physiology; Behavior Control; Cats/parasitology; Cultural Diversity; Host-Parasite Relations; Humans; Personality/physiology; Toxoplasma/physiology; Toxoplasmosis/parasitology/*psychology
	Abstract
	Address	Western Ecological Research Center, United States Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15792708			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4148
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.
	Title	Why horse behaviour is important to the equine clinician			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	386-387
	Keywords	Accidents, Occupational/prevention & control; Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Clinical Competence; Fear; Horses/physiology; Humans; Veterinarians/psychology; Veterinary Medicine/*standards
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16986596			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	30
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	Author	Virga, V.; Houpt, K.A.
	Title	Prevalence of placentophagia in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	33	Issue	2	Pages	208-210
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Colic/epidemiology/veterinary; Exploratory Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Incidence; New York/epidemiology; *Placenta; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Questionnaires
	Abstract
	Address	Animal Behavior Clinic, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11266073			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	31
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Eggleston, A.; Kunkle, K.; Houpt, T.R.
	Title	Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	32	Issue	4	Pages	341-344
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Proteins/analysis; Energy Intake; Female; Horse Diseases/physiopathology; Horses/physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Stress/veterinary; Video Recording; Water Deprivation/*physiology
	Abstract	Six pregnant mares were used to determine what level of water restriction causes physiological and/or behavioural changes indicative of stress. Nonlegume hay was fed ad libitum. During the first week of restriction, 5 l water/100 kg bwt was available, during the second week 4 l/100 kg bwt and, during the third week, 3 l/100 kg bwt. Ad libitum water intake was 6.9 l/100 kg bwt; at 3 l/100 kg bwt water intake was 42% of this. Daily hay intake fell significantly with increasing water restriction from 12.9 +/- 0.75 kg to 8.3 +/- 0.54 kg; bodyweight fell significantly for a total loss of 48.5 +/- 8.3 kg in 3 weeks. Daily blood samples were analysed; osmolality rose significantly with increasing water restriction from 282 +/- 0.7 mosmols/kg to 293.3 +/- 0.8 mosmols/kg bwt, but plasma protein and PCV did not change significantly. Cortisol concentrations fell from 8.1 ng/ml to 6.4 ng/ml over the 3 week period. Aldosterone fell from 211.3 +/- 74.2 pg/ml to 92.5 +/- 27.5 pg/ml at the end of the first week. The behaviour of 4 of the 6 mares was recorded 24 h/day for the duration of the study. The only significant difference was in time spent eating, which decreased with increasing water restriction from 46 +/- 3% to 30 +/- 3%. It is concluded that water restriction to 4 l/100 kg bwt dehydrates pregnant mares and may diminish their welfare, but is not life- or pregnancy-threatening.
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10952384			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	32
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	Author	Shaw, E.B.; Houpt, K.A.; Holmes, D.F.
	Title	Body temperature and behaviour of mares during the last two weeks of pregnancy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	20	Issue	3	Pages	199-202
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Circadian Rhythm; Eating; Female; Horses/physiology; Labor, Obstetric/physiology; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology
	Abstract	Average daily core body temperature and behavioural patterns of pregnant mares were studied, in search of definitive signs of parturition within 24 h of the event. Nineteen pony mares were sampled twice daily for core body temperature. A significant temperature drop, averaging 0.1 degrees C (0.2 degrees F) was observed during the day prior to parturition. Between 18.00 h and 06.00 h, during the two weeks before parturition, Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares (n = 52) spent an average 66.8 per cent of their time standing, 27.0 per cent eating, 4.9 per cent lying in sternal recumbency, 1.0 per cent lying in lateral recumbency, and 0.3 per cent walking. On the night before parturition, mares spent significantly less time lying in sternal recumbency than on previous nights and on the night of parturition all behaviour patterns except eating were significantly different from the nights of the two weeks before parturition. There was an increase in walking (5.3 per cent), lying in sternal recumbency (8 per cent) and lying in lateral recumbency (5.3 per cent) whereas standing (53.3 per cent) was decreased. In 58 observed pregnancies, 54 mares (97 per cent) foaled in a recumbent position and 50 mares (86 per cent) foaled between 18.00 h and 06.00 h.
	Address	Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3402416			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	46
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