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Author |
Lane, J.G.; Mair, T.S. |
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Title |
Observations on headshaking in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
331-336 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Head; *Horses; Male; *Movement |
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Abstract |
The clinical records of 100 cases of headshaking in horses were reviewed. Possible causes of the abnormal behaviour were identified in 11 animals; these included ear mite infestation, otitis interna, cranial nerve dysfunction, cervical injury, ocular disease, guttural pouch mycosis, dental periapical osteitis and suspected vasomotor rhinitis. However, in only two of these could it be shown that correction of the abnormality led to elimination of the headshaking. The additional clinical signs exhibited by the other idiopathic cases of headshaking included evidence of nasal irritation, sneezing and snorting, nasal discharge, coughing and excessive lacrimation. Many of these horses also showed a marked seasonal pattern with respect to the onset of the disease and the recurrence of signs in subsequent years. The clinical presentation of idiopathic headshakers and the seasonal incidence of the signs closely resemble allergic rhinitis in man. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:3622462 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1953 |
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Author |
Lindsay, F.E.; Burton, F.L. |
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Title |
Observational study of “urine testing” in the horse and donkey stallion |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
330-336 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Nasal Septum; Nose/anatomy & histology; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology; Perissodactyla/*physiology; Sex Attractants/urine; Smell/physiology |
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Abstract |
Although “urine testing” is said to enable the male equid to assess the sexual status of the mare, there are no reports in the literature of any detailed study of this behavioural response of the stallion. Behavioural response to conspecific urine was studied in two horse stallions and one donkey stallion. The relevant nasopalatine anatomy is described. Events observed during urine testing included head, neck, lip, jaw, tongue movements, penile changes and nasal secretion. Nasal endoscopy indicated that the source of part of the nasal secretion was the secretory glands of the vomeronasal organ complex. The significance and probable function of these events in urine testing is discussed. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:6641679 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1955 |
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Author |
Kaseda, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Khalil, A.M. |
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Title |
Causes of natal dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation in Misaki feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
262-266 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology/psychology; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Misaki feral horses were separated into 2 herds and the difference between dispersal from natal group (natal dispersal) and dispersal from natal area (natal emigration) was studied. The causes of dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation were studied 1979-1994. The number of horses ranged from 73 (mature males: 8, mature females: 26, young males: 8, young females: 3, colt foals: 6, filly foals: 10 and geldings: 12) in 1979 and 86 (mature males: 14, mature females: 37, young males: 12, young females: 7, colt foals: 5, filly foals: 7 and geldings: 4) in 1994 when the present study ended. All 29 males which survived to age 4 years and 58 females which survived to age 3 years left their natal or mother groups at age one to 3. Seventeen of 22 dispersing males and 29 of 39 dispersing females left their natal groups around the birth of their siblings and significant correlations were found between natal dispersal and birth of a sibling. The number of emigrating young males correlated negatively and significantly with the total number of young males in another herd and the number of emigrating young females correlated positively and significantly with the total number of young females in the natal herd. All 13 emigrating stallions which survived to age 5 years formed stable harem groups and a significant correlation was found between natal emigration and harem formation. Twenty-three of 35 resident mares formed stable consort relations with harem stallions and a significant correlation was found between residence and formation of stable consort relations. |
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Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki-shi, 889-21, Japan |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:15338905 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4630 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
72 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
173-183 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; *Imagination; *Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; *Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:16466863 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
218 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Selective and divided attention in animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
69 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-15 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Field Dependence-Independence; *Psychological Theory |
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Abstract |
This article reviews some of the research on attentional processes in animals. In the traditional approach to selective attention, it is proposed that in addition to specific response attachments, animals also learn something about the dimension along which the stimuli fall (e.g., hue, brightness, or line orientation). More recently, there has been an attempt to find animal analogs to methodologies originally applied to research with humans. One line of research has been directed to the question of whether animals can locate a target among distracters faster if they are prepared for the presentation of the target (search image and priming). In the study of search image, the target is typically a food item and the cue consists of previous trials on which the same target is presented. In research on priming effects, the cue is typically different from the target but is a good predictor of its occurrence. The study of preattentive processes shows that perceptually, certain stimuli stand out from distracters better than others, depending not only on characteristics of the target relative to the distracters, but also on relations among the distracters. Research on divided attention is examined with the goal of determining whether an animal can process two elements of a compound sample with the same efficiency as one. Taken together, the reviewed research indicates that animals are capable of centrally (not just peripherally) attending to selective aspects of a stimulus display. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15795066 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
224 |
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Author |
Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Pigeons shift their preference toward locations of food that take more effort to obtain |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
405-415 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; Columbidae; *Exertion; *Feeding Behavior; Reward |
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Abstract |
Although animals typically prefer to exert less effort rather than more effort to obtain food, the present research shows that requiring greater effort to obtain food at a particular location appears to increase the value of that location. In Experiment 1, pigeons' initial preference for one feeder was significantly reduced by requiring 1 peck to obtain food from that feeder and requiring 30 pecks to obtain food from the other feeder. In Experiment 2, a similar decrease in preference was not found when pigeons received reinforcement from both feeders independently of the amount of effort required. These results are consistent with the within-trial contrast effect proposed by in which the relative hedonic value of a reward depends on the state of the animal immediately prior to the reward. The greater the improvement from that prior state the greater the value of the reinforcer. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15518990 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
227 |
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Author |
Friedrich, A.M.; Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Functional equivalence in pigeons involving a four-member class |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
395-403 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation |
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Abstract |
Research suggests that animals are capable of forming functional equivalence relations or stimulus classes of the kind usually demonstrated by humans (e.g., the class defined by an object and the word for that object). In pigeons, such functional equivalences are typically established using many-to-one matching-to-sample in which two samples are associated with one comparison stimulus and two different samples are associated with the other. Evidence for the establishment of functional equivalences between samples associated with the same comparison comes from transfer tests. In Experiment 1, we found that pigeons can form a single class consisting of four members (many-to-one matching) when the alternative class has only one member (one-to-one matching). In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility that the pigeons acquired the hybrid one-to-one/many-to-one task by developing a single-code/default coding strategy as earlier research suggested that it might. Thus, pigeons can develop a functional class consisting of as many as four members, with the alternative class consisting of a single member. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15518989 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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228 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Title |
Taking the best for learning |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
147-9; author reply 159-63 |
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Keywords |
*Algorithms; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Evolution; *Learning; *Models, Theoretical |
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Abstract |
Examples of how animals learn when multiple, sometimes redundant, cues are present provide further examples not considered by Hutchinson and Gigerenzer that seem to fit the principle of taking the best. “The best” may the most valid cue in the present circumstances; evolution may also produce species-specific biases to use the most functionally relevant cues. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G3. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15845301 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
361 |
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Author |
Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
213-228 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/*psychology; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological |
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Abstract |
This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition. |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:9057966 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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203 |
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Author |
Koski, S.E.; Koops, K.; Sterck, E.H.M. |
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Title |
Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
158-172 |
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Animals; *Anxiety; *Behavior, Animal; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior |
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Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the opponents and decreases postconflict (PC) anxiety. The “integrated hypothesis” links the quality of the opponents' relationship to PC anxiety, since it proposes that conflicts among partners with high relationship quality will yield high levels of PC anxiety, which in turn will lead to an increased likelihood of reconciliation. We tested the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Arnhem Zoo, The Netherlands. We applied the standard PC/matched control (MC) method. Our results mostly support the integrated hypothesis, in that more valuable and compatible partners (i.e., males and frequent groomers) reconciled more often than less valuable and weakly compatible partners (i.e., females and infrequent groomers). In addition, PC anxiety was higher after conflicts among males than among females. Emotional arousal thus appears to be a mediator facilitating reconciliation. However, in contrast to the predictions derived from the integrated hypothesis, PC anxiety appeared only in aggressees, and not in aggressors, of conflicts. This suggests that while relationship quality determines PC anxiety, it is dependent on the role of the participants in the conflict. |
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Department of Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. s.e.koski@bio.uu.nl |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:17146788 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2872 |
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