Records |
Author |
Reznikova, Z.I. |
Title |
[The study of tool use as the way for general estimation of cognitive abilities in animals] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Obshch Biol |
Volume |
67 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-22 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Cognition; Learning; Pattern Recognition, Physiological; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
Investigation of tool use is an effective way to determine cognitive abilities of animals. This approach raises hypotheses, which delineate limits of animal's competence in understanding of objects properties and interrelations and the influence of individual and social experience on their behaviour. On the basis of brief review of different models of manipulation with objects and tools manufacturing (detaching, subtracting and reshaping) by various animals (from elephants to ants) in natural conditions the experimental data concerning tool usage was considered. Tool behaviour of anumals could be observed rarely and its distribution among different taxons is rather odd. Recent studies have revealed that some species (for instance, bonobos and tamarins) which didn't manipulate tools in wild life appears to be an advanced tool users and even manufacturers in laboratory. Experimental studies of animals tool use include investigation of their ability to use objects physical properties, to categorize objects involved in tool activity by its functional properties, to take forces affecting objects into account, as well as their capacity of planning their actions. The crucial question is whether animals can abstract general principles of relations between objects regardless of the exact circumstances, or they develop specific associations between concerete things and situations. Effectiveness of laboratory methods is estimated in the review basing on comparative studies of tool behaviour, such as “support problem”, “stick problem”, “tube- and tube-trap problem”, and “reserve tube problem”. Levels of social learning, the role of imprinting, and species-specific predisposition to formation of specific domains are discussed. Experimental investigation of tool use allows estimation of the individuals' intelligence in populations. A hypothesis suggesting that strong predisposition to formation of specific associations can serve as a driving force and at the same time as obstacle to animals' activity is discussed. In several “technically gifted” species (such as woodpecker finches, New Caledonian crows, and chimpanzees) tool use seems to be guided by a rapid process of trial and error learning. Individuals that are predisposed to learn specific connections do this too quickly and thus become enslaved by stereotypic solutions of raising problems. |
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Russian |
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ISSN ![sorted by ISSN field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
0044-4596 |
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Notes |
PMID:16521567 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2857 |
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Author |
Connor, R.J.; Kawaoka, Y.; Webster, R.G.; Paulson, J.C. |
Title |
Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Virology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Virology |
Volume |
205 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-23 |
Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids/genetics; Animals; Carbohydrate Sequence; Chick Embryo; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics; Influenza A virus/*metabolism; Molecular Sequence Data; Receptors, Virus/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics |
Abstract |
The receptor specificity of 56 H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates from various animal species has been determined to test the relevance of receptor specificity to the ecology of influenza virus. The results show that the receptor specificity of both H2 and H3 isolates evaluated for sialic acid linkage specificity and inhibition of hemagglutination by horse serum correlates with the species of origin, as postulated earlier for H3 strains based on a limited survey of five human, three avian, and one equine strain. Elucidation of the amino acid sequence of several human H2 receptor variants and analysis of known sequences of H2 and H3 isolates revealed that receptor specificity varies in association with an amino acid change at residues 228 in addition to the change at residue 226 previously documented to affect receptor specificity of H3 but not H1 isolates. Residues 226 and 228 are leucine and serine in human isolates, which preferentially bind sialic acid alpha 2,6-galactose beta 1,4-N-acetyl glucosamine (SA alpha 2,6Gal), and glutamine and glycine in avian and equine isolates, which exhibit specificity for sialic acid alpha-2,3-galactose beta-1,3-N-acetyl galactosamine (SA alpha 2,3Gal). The results demonstrate that the correlation of receptor specificity and species of origin is maintained across both H2 and H3 influenza virus serotypes and provide compelling evidence that influenza virus hosts exert selective pressure to maintain the receptor specificity characteristics of strains isolated from that species. |
Address |
Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1737 |
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ISSN ![sorted by ISSN field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
0042-6822 |
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PMID:7975212 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2662 |
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Author |
Macholc, E.J.A. |
Title |
Equine interspecies aggression |
Type |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
The Veterinary record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
Volume |
159 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
824 |
Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Chickens; Ducks; *Horses; Species Specificity |
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ISSN ![sorted by ISSN field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
0042-4900 |
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PMID:17158722 |
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no |
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Serial |
1778 |
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Author |
Blazyczek, I.; Hamann, H.; Deegen, E.; Distl, O.; Ohnesorge, B. |
Title |
Retrospective analysis of 50 cases of guttural pouch tympany in foals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
Volume |
154 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
261-264 |
Keywords |
Animals; Female; Germany/epidemiology; Horse Diseases/*surgery; Horses; Male; Pharyngeal Diseases/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
Between 1994 and 2001, guttural pouch tympany was diagnosed in 51 foals; there were approximately three times as many fillies as colts, of Arabian, different German warmblood breeds and Western horse breeds. There were significantly more Arabian and paint horse foals than expected in comparison with the breed distribution of the foals hospitalised at the Clinic for Horses. The foals' breed and sex did not influence the age of onset, the type and severity of the clinical signs or the recurrence rate. A surgical laser technique was used on 50 of the foals; in 35 cases only one surgical treatment was necessary, in seven cases a second operation was required during the foal's initial period of hospitalisation, and in eight cases a second operation was performed during a second period of hospitalisation. Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 44 of the 50 treated horses; 24 of them were under two years of age and 20 were over two years of age. In six horses, no follow-up information was available. Four horses were euthanased for reasons unrelated to the condition or its treatment. The horses over two years of age were in training or were being used for competitions in dressage or jumping or for breeding purposes, and in only one of them was an adventitious respiratory noise reported. All the horses up to two years of age were reported to be healthy. |
Address |
Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17p, D-30559 Hannover, Germany |
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ISSN ![sorted by ISSN field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
0042-4900 |
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Notes |
PMID:15029964 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3719 |
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Author |
Chmel, L.; Hasilikova, A.; Hrasko, J.; Vlacilikova, A. |
Title |
The influence of some ecological factors on keratinophilic fungi in the soil |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Sabouraudia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sabouraudia |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
26-34 |
Keywords |
Animals; Arthrodermataceae/growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism; Carbohydrates; Czechoslovakia; Ecology; Fungi/growth & development/*isolation & purification/metabolism; Hair; Horses; Humic Substances; Humidity; Keratins/metabolism; Microsporum/isolation & purification; Mitosporic Fungi/isolation & purification; Phosphates; Seasons; Soil; *Soil Microbiology; Species Specificity; Temperature; Trichophyton/isolation & purification |
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0036-2174 |
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PMID:5063162 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2719 |
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Author |
Thrower, W.R. |
Title |
Aggression in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1970 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc R Soc Med |
Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
163-167 |
Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Evolution; *Horses; Humans; Species Specificity; Territoriality |
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0035-9157 |
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PMID:5462347 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1966 |
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Author |
Poti, P. |
Title |
Chimpanzees' constructional praxis (Pan paniscus, P. troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
46 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
103-113 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
This study investigated chimpanzees' spontaneous spatial constructions with objects and especially their ability to repeat inter-object spatial relations, which is basic to understanding spatial relations at a higher level than perception or recognition. Subjects were six chimpanzees-four chimpanzees and two bonobos-aged 6-21 years, all raised in a human environment from an early age. Only minor species differences, but considerable individual differences were found. The effect of different object samples was assessed through a comparison with a previous study. A common overall chimpanzee pattern was also found. Chimpanzees repeated different types of inter-object spatial relations such as insertion (I), or vertical (V), or next-to (H) relations. However chimpanzees repeated I or V relations with more advanced procedures than when repeating H relations. Moreover, chimpanzees never repeated combined HV relations. Compared with children, chimpanzees showed a specific difficulty in repeating H relations. Repeating H relations is crucial for representing and understanding multiple reciprocal spatial relations between detached elements and for coordinating independent positions in space. Therefore, the chimpanzees' difficulty indicates a fundamental difference in constructive space in comparison to humans. The findings are discussed in relation to issues of spatial cognition and tool use. |
Address |
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, CNR, via U. Aldrovandi 16b, 00197, Rome, Italy. p.poti@istc.cnr.it |
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0032-8332 |
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PMID:15378424 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2811 |
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Author |
Traversa, D.; Giangaspero, A.; Iorio, R.; Otranto, D.; Paoletti, B.; Gasser, R.B. |
Title |
Semi-nested PCR for the specific detection of Habronema microstoma or Habronema muscae DNA in horse faeces |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Parasitology |
Volume |
129 |
Issue |
Pt 6 |
Pages |
733-739 |
Keywords |
Animals; DNA, Helminth/*analysis; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/*chemistry; Feces/*chemistry; Female; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis/parasitology; Horses; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods; Species Specificity; Spirurida Infections/diagnosis/*veterinary; Spiruroidea/*genetics |
Abstract |
Habronema microstoma and Habronema muscae (Spirurida: Habronematidae) are parasitic nematodes which infect the stomach and/or skin of equids. The accurate diagnosis of gastric habronemosis is central to studying its epidemiology, but data on its distribution and prevalence are lacking, mainly due to the limitations of clinical and coprological diagnosis in live horses. To overcome this constraint, a two-step, semi-nested PCR-based assay was validated (utilizing genetic markers in the nuclear ribosomal DNA) for the specific amplification of H. microstoma or H. muscae DNA from the faeces from horses (n = 46) whose gastrointestinal parasite status had been determined at autopsy and whose faeces were examined previously using a conventional parasitological approach. Of these horses examined at autopsy, some harboured adults of either H. microstoma (n= 19) or H. muscae (n =4), and others (n = 7) harboured both species. Most of them were also infected with other parasites, including strongylid nematodes (subfamilies Cyathostominae and Strongylinae), bots and/or cestodes; there was no evidence of metazoan parasites in 2 horses. Larvated spirurid eggs were detected in the faeces of 1 of the 30 horses (3.3 %) shown to be infected with Habronema at autopsy. For this set of 46 samples, the PCR assay achieved a diagnostic specificity of 100 % and a sensitivity of approximately 97 % (being able to specifically detect as little as approximately 0.02 fg of Habronema DNA). The specificity of the assay was also tested using a panel of control DNA samples representing horse, the gastric spirurid Draschia megastoma and 26 other species of parasites from the alimentary tract of the horse. H. microstoma, H. muscae and D. megastoma could be readily differentiated from one another based on the sizes of their specific amplicons in the PCR. The results of this study showed that the performance of the PCR for the diagnosis of gastric habronemosis was similar to that of autopsy but substantially better than the traditional coprological examination procedure used. The ability to specifically diagnose gastric habronemosis in equids should have important implications for investigating the epidemiology and ecology of H. microstoma and H. muscae. |
Address |
Department of Biomedical Comparative Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy. traversa@unite.it |
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0031-1820 |
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PMID:15648696 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2631 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
Title |
Animal cooperation among unrelated individuals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Die Naturwissenschaften |
Abbreviated Journal |
Naturwissenschaften |
Volume |
89 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
533-541 |
Keywords |
Animals; Phylogeny; *Social Behavior; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
The evolution of cooperation has long been a topic near and dear to the hearts of behavioral and evolutionary ecologists. Cooperative behaviors run the gamut from fairly simple to very complicated and there are a myriad of ways to study cooperation. Here I shall focus on three paths that have been delineated in the study of intraspecific cooperation among unrelated individuals: reciprocity, byproduct mutualism, and group selection. In each case, I attempt to delineate the theory underlying each of these paths and then provide examples from the empirical literature. In addition, I shall briefly touch upon some recent work that has attempted to examine (or re-examine) the role of cognition and phylogeny in the study of cooperative behavior. While empirical and theoretical work has made significant strides in the name of better understanding the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behavior in animals, much work remains for the future. “From the point of view of the moralist, the animal world is on about the same level as the gladiator's show. The creatures are fairly well treated, and set to fight; whereby the strongest, the swiftest and the cunningest live to fight another day. The spectator has no need to turn his thumb down, as no quarter is given em leader the weakest and the stupidest went to the wall, while the toughest and the shrewdest, those who were best fitted to cope with their circumstances, but not the best in any other way, survived. Life was a continuous free fight, and em leader a war of each against all was the normal state of existence.” (Huxley 1888) |
Address |
Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. lee.dugatkin@louisville.edu |
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ISSN ![sorted by ISSN field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
0028-1042 |
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PMID:12536274 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2797 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385119 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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