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| Author | Hamilton, W.D. | ||||
| Title | Geometry for the selfish herd | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1971 | Publication | Journal of theoretical biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 295-311 |
| Keywords | Animals; Anura; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Communication; Evolution; Fear; Metallurgy; *Models, Biological; Probability; Snakes; *Spatial Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator. It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others. Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations. The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value. |
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN  |
0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:5104951 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 771 | ||
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| Author | Seyfarth, R.M. | ||||
| Title | A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1977 | Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 65 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 671-698 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; *Grooming; Haplorhini/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction; Social Dominance; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Grooming networks among adult female monkeys exhibit two similar features across a number of different species. High-ranking animals receive more grooming than others, and the majority of grooming occurs between females of adjacent rank. A theoretical model which duplicates these features is presented, and the properties of the model are used to explain the possible causation and function of female grooming behaviour. The model illustrates how relatively simple principles governing the behaviour of individuals may be used to explain more complex aspects of the social structure of non-human primate groups. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:406485 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5259 | ||
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| Author | Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.; Paul, K.S.; Gordon, T.P. | ||||
| Title | Removal of a trauma-inflicting alpha matriline from a group of rhesus macaques to control severe wounding | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Laboratory animal science | Abbreviated Journal | Lab Anim Sci |
| Volume | 44 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 344-350 |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca mulatta; Male; *Monkey Diseases; *Social Dominance; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary | ||||
| Abstract | Wounding in an 83-member group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station became excessive to the point that intervention was deemed necessary. When observations indicated that three females from the group's alpha matriline were principally responsible for the wounding, the matriline (N = 7) was removed from the group. This study was conducted to document an atypical pattern of wounding in this group and to evaluate the effectiveness of removal as a procedure for controlling injuries. The aggression rates of 21 adult subjects and the wounds of all group members were recorded before and after the removal procedure and compared with those in a similar-sized group. Removing the alpha matriline did not alter aggression rates in the group or the rank order among the remaining matrilines. Aggression rates in the experimental group were also not significantly different from those in the comparison group before or after the removal. With the alpha matriline present, wounding levels in the group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group. After removal of the matriline, the frequency of wounds decreased significantly to levels similar to those of the comparison group. The pattern of excess wounding attributed to the extracted alpha females was idiosyncratic, involving removal of large patches of skin from the hindquarters of adult females or removal of the distal portion of the fingers, toes, or tail from juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
| Address | Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0023-6764 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7983846 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 207 | ||
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| Author | Kiltie, R.A.; Fan, J.; Laine, A.F. | ||||
| Title | A wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Mathematical Biosciences | Abbreviated Journal | Math Biosci |
| Volume | 126 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 21-39 |
| Keywords | Animals; Carnivora; *Ecology; Equidae; *Evolution; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Moths; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Pigmentation | ||||
| Abstract | Much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. Previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. We present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. Like the human visual system for texture discrimination, and probably like that of other vertebrates, this method is based on localized analysis of orientation and frequency components of the patterns composing visual textures. As examples of the metric's utility, we present analyses of crypsis for tigers, zebras, and peppered moth morphs. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0025-5564 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7696817 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2660 | ||
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| Author | Jeong, S.; Han, M.; Lee, H.; Kim, M.; Kim, J.; Nicol, C.J.; Kim, B.H.; Choi, J.H.; Nam, K.-H.; Oh, G.T.; Yoon, M. | ||||
| Title | Effects of fenofibrate on high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and adiposity in female C57BL/6J mice | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Metabolism: clinical and experimental | Abbreviated Journal | Metabolism |
| Volume | 53 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1284-1289 |
| Keywords | Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology/drug effects; Animals; Antilipemic Agents/*pharmacology; Body Composition/*drug effects; Body Weight/drug effects; Dietary Fats/*pharmacology; Eating/drug effects; Fatty Acids/metabolism; Female; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects; Leptin/metabolism; Liver/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ovariectomy; Procetofen/*pharmacology; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism; Weight Gain/*drug effects | ||||
| Abstract | Our previous study suggested that fenofibrate affects obesity and lipid metabolism in a sexually dimorphic manner in part through the differential activation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in male and female C57BL/6J mice. To determine whether fenofibrate reduces body weight gain and adiposity in female sham-operated (Sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, the effects of fenofibrate on not only body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, and food intake, but also the expression of both leptin and PPARalpha target genes were measured. Compared to their respective low-fat diet-fed controls, both Sham and OVX mice exhibited increases in body weight and WAT mass when fed a high-fat diet. Fenofibrate treatment decreased body weight gain and WAT mass in OVX, but not in Sham mice. Furthermore, fenofibrate increased the mRNA levels of PPARalpha target genes encoding peroxisomal enzymes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation, and reduced apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III) mRNA, all of which were expressed at higher levels in OVX compared to Sham mice. However, leptin mRNA levels were found to positively correlate with WAT mass, and food intake was not changed in either OVX or Sham mice following fenofibrate treatment. These results suggest that fenofibrate differentially regulates body weight and adiposity due in part to differences in PPARalpha activation, but not to differences in leptin production, between female OVX and Sham mice. | ||||
| Address | Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Taejon, Korea | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0026-0495 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15375783 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 72 | ||
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| Author | Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; Flynn, E.; de Waal, F.B.M. | ||||
| Title | Faithful replication of foraging techniques along cultural transmission chains by chimpanzees and children | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 37 | Pages | 13878-13883 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child, Preschool; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Pan troglodytes/*psychology | ||||
| Abstract | Observational studies of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have revealed population-specific differences in behavior, thought to represent cultural variation. Field studies have also reported behaviors indicative of cultural learning, such as close observation of adult skills by infants, and the use of similar foraging techniques within a population over many generations. Although experimental studies have shown that chimpanzees are able to learn complex behaviors by observation, it is unclear how closely these studies simulate the learning environment found in the wild. In the present study we have used a diffusion chain paradigm, whereby a behavior is passed from one individual to the next in a linear sequence in an attempt to simulate intergenerational transmission of a foraging skill. Using a powerful three-group, two-action methodology, we found that alternative methods used to obtain food from a foraging device (“lift door” versus “slide door”) were accurately transmitted along two chains of six and five chimpanzees, respectively, such that the last chimpanzee in the chain used the same method as the original trained model. The fidelity of transmission within each chain is remarkable given that several individuals in the no-model control group were able to discover either method by individual exploration. A comparative study with human children revealed similar results. This study is the first to experimentally demonstrate the linear transmission of alternative foraging techniques by non-human primates. Our results show that chimpanzees have a capacity to sustain local traditions across multiple simulated generations. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16938863 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 159 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | de Waal, F.B.M.; Dindo, M.; Freeman, C.A.; Hall, M.J. | ||||
| Title | The monkey in the mirror: hardly a stranger | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 102 | Issue | 32 | Pages | 11140-11147 |
| Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Discrimination (Psychology); Empathy; Female; Male; Observation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Self Concept; Sex Factors | ||||
| Abstract | It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self-other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self. | ||||
| Address | Living Links Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16055557 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 164 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. | ||||
| Title | Self-recognition in an Asian elephant | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 45 | Pages | 17053-17057 |
| Keywords | Animals; Asia; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants/*psychology; Female; Photic Stimulation | ||||
| Abstract | Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. | ||||
| Address | Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 North Kligo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17075063 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 408 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Chase, I.D.; Tovey, C.; Spangler-Martin, D.; Manfredonia, M. | ||||
| Title | Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 99 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 5744-5749 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Fishes; Humans; *Social Behavior; *Social Dominance | ||||
| Abstract | Linear hierarchies, the classical pecking-order structures, are formed readily in both nature and the laboratory in a great range of species including humans. However, the probability of getting linear structures by chance alone is quite low. In this paper we investigate the two hypotheses that are proposed most often to explain linear hierarchies: they are predetermined by differences in the attributes of animals, or they are produced by the dynamics of social interaction, i.e., they are self-organizing. We evaluate these hypotheses using cichlid fish as model animals, and although differences in attributes play a significant part, we find that social interaction is necessary for high proportions of groups with linear hierarchies. Our results suggest that dominance hierarchy formation is a much richer and more complex phenomenon than previously thought, and we explore the implications of these results for evolutionary biology, the social sciences, and the use of animal models in understanding human social organization. | ||||
| Address | Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4356, USA. Ichase@notes.cc.sunysb.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11960030 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 442 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Johnstone, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Eavesdropping and animal conflict | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 98 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 9177-9180 |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conflict (Psychology); Models, Theoretical | ||||
| Abstract | Fights between pairs of animals frequently take place within a wider social context. The displays exchanged during conflict, and the outcome of an encounter, are often detectable by individuals who are not immediately involved. In at least some species, such bystanders are known to eavesdrop on contests between others, and to modify their behavior toward the contestants in response to the observed interaction. Here, I extend Maynard Smith's well known model of animal aggression, the Hawk-Dove game, to incorporate the possibility of eavesdroppers. I show that some eavesdropping is favored whenever the cost of losing an escalated fight exceeds the value of the contested resource, and that its equilibrium frequency is greatest when costs are relatively high. Eavesdropping reduces the risk of escalated conflict relative to that expected by chance, given the level of aggression in the population. However, it also promotes increased aggression, because it enhances the value of victory. The net result is that escalated conflicts are predicted to occur more frequently when eavesdropping is possible. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom. raj1003@hermes.cam.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN |
0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11459936 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 497 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||