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Author |
Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
45 |
Pages |
17053-17057 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Asia; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants/*psychology; Female; Photic Stimulation |
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Abstract |
Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. |
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Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 North Kligo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:17075063 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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408 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
A concept of value during experimental exchange in brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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75 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
317-330 |
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Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Choice Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; *Learning; Male; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; *Token Economy; Video Recording |
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We evaluated the response of brown capuchin monkeys to two differentially valued tokens in an experimental exchange situation akin to a simple barter. Monkeys were given a series of three tests to evaluate their ability to associate tokens with food, then their responses were examined in a barter situation in which tokens were either limited or unlimited. Capuchins did not perform barter in the typical sense, returning the tokens which were associated with the reward. However, females, but not males, showed a different response, preferring the higher-value token. This may indicate that they learned to prefer one token over the other rather than to associate the tokens with their specific rewards. This sex difference parallels previous findings of greater reciprocity in female brown capuchins than in males. |
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Living Links Center, Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 N. Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:15486443 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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170 |
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Parr, L.A.; Matheson, M.D.; Bernstein, I.S.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Grooming down the hierarchy: allogrooming in captive brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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2 |
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361-367 |
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Observations of captive female brown capuchin monkeys in five groups revealed that grooming is primarily the occupation of dominant females at both the individual and dyadic levels. When categorized according to rank class, alpha females were the only class to perform significantly more grooming than they received. These results are inconsistent with reports on vervets, baboons and macaques, and suggest that grooming in capuchin monkeys may have different functions from those reported for cercopithecine primates. A dyadic analysis revealed, however, that grooming occurred more often between closely ranked females, similar to what is seen in several Old World monkey species. Therefore, some aspects of grooming in capuchins are similar to that seen in Old World monkeys, but the way they distribute grooming is different, which may prompt a re-evaluation of current theories regarding the social function of allogrooming in non-human primates. |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Psychology, Emory University |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:9268468 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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200 |
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Author |
Call, J.; Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Postconflict third-party affiliation in stumptailed macaques |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
209-216 |
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Stumptailed macaques, Macaca arctoides, are characterized by high levels of postconflict affiliative contacts between opponents. We investigated the occurrence of postconflict affiliative contacts between opponents and third parties that were not involved in the original conflict. We collected 10-min focal observations during postconflict and control periods in which we recorded all aggressive and affiliative behaviours between opponents and third parties. We distinguished three types of third parties depending on the relationship with the focal animal: own kin, opponent's kin and individuals unrelated to both opponents. We analysed the interactions with third parties separately, while distinguishing two classes of affiliative behaviours: (1) allogrooming and contact sitting and (2) sociosexual behaviours (e.g. genital inspection). The macaques showed differences between postconflict and control periods in their affiliative contacts with third parties. Aggressors received more postconflict grooming and contact sitting from their opponents' kin, received more sociosexual behaviour from their own kin and unrelated individuals, and directed more sociosexual behaviour to unrelated individuals. Victims received and directed less postconflict grooming from and towards their own kin. They received more postconflict sociosexual behaviour from all partners except their own kin and directed more sociosexual behaviour to all partners except the opponent's kin. This study establishes the occurrence of multiple postconflict triadic affiliation in stumptailed macaques, and is the first to show that victims receive contacts from third parties in a cercopithecine species, a behaviour previously described only in chimpanzees. It also highlights the importance of analysing the different affiliative behaviours separately in postconflict situations. Otherwise, many of the patterns we report, especially those involving victims, would have been missed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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304 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Chimpanzee politics:power and sex among apes. |
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Book Whole |
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1982 |
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Johns Hopkins University Press |
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Baltimore |
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978-0801886560 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4857 |
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de Waal, F.B.M.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaque and chimpanzee |
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1996 |
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Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes |
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80–110. |
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Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5060 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Animal Social Conflict |
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Miscellaneous |
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1993 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4894 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Peacemaking Among Primates |
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1989 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4924 |
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