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Author Matsuzawa, T.
Title Use of numbers by a chimpanzee Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 315 Issue 6014 Pages 57-59
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
Abstract Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'.
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Notes PMID:3990808 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2793
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Author McGonigle, B.
Title Can apes learn to count? Type
Year 1985 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 315 Issue 6014 Pages 16-17
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
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Notes PMID:3990806 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2794
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Author Crook, J.H.
Title On attributing consciousness to animals Type Journal Article
Year 1983 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 303 Issue 5912 Pages 11-14
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Consciousness; Evolution; Learning
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Notes PMID:6843653 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2795
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Author Novacek, M.J.
Title Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 356 Issue 6365 Pages 121-125
Keywords Animals; Evolution; Fossils; Mammals/classification/*genetics; *Phylogeny
Abstract Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues.
Address American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024
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Notes PMID:1545862 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3546
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Author McElreath, R.; Luttbeg, B.; Fogarty, S.P.; Brodin, T.; Sih, A.
Title Evolution of animal personalities Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 450 Issue 7167 Pages E5-E5
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/nature06326 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4295
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Author Wolf, M.; van Doorn, G.S.; Leimar, O.; Weissing, F.J.
Title Wolf et al. reply Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 450 Issue 7167 Pages E5-E6
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/nature06327 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4297
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Author Berger, J.
Title Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses Type Journal Article
Year 1983 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 303 Issue 5912 Pages 59-61
Keywords Abortion, Induced/*veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/*etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology
Abstract Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
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Notes PMID:6682487 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4365
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Author Milinski, M.; Rockenbach, B.
Title Human behaviour: Punisher pays Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 452 Issue 7185 Pages 297-298
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Abstract The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all.

Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity – the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 – is a secret of our success.
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/452297a Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4405
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Author Dreber, A.; Rand, D.G.; Fudenberg, D.; Nowak, M.A.
Title Winners don/'t punish Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 452 Issue 7185 Pages 348-351
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Abstract A key aspect of human behaviour is cooperation1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. We tend to help others even if costs are involved. We are more likely to help when the costs are small and the benefits for the other person significant. Cooperation leads to a tension between what is best for the individual and what is best for the group. A group does better if everyone cooperates, but each individual is tempted to defect. Recently there has been much interest in exploring the effect of costly punishment on human cooperation8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Costly punishment means paying a cost for another individual to incur a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment promotes cooperation even in non-repeated games and without any possibility of reputation effects10. But most of our interactions are repeated and reputation is always at stake. Thus, if costly punishment is important in promoting cooperation, it must do so in a repeated setting. We have performed experiments in which, in each round of a repeated game, people choose between cooperation, defection and costly punishment. In control experiments, people could only cooperate or defect. Here we show that the option of costly punishment increases the amount of cooperation but not the average payoff of the group. Furthermore, there is a strong negative correlation between total payoff and use of costly punishment. Those people who gain the highest total payoff tend not to use costly punishment: winners don't punish. This suggests that costly punishment behaviour is maladaptive in cooperation games and might have evolved for other reasons.
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/nature06723 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4406
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Author Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S.
Title Associative learning of social value Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 456 Issue 7219 Pages 245-249
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Abstract Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment.
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Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor
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Notes 10.1038/nature07538 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4681
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